Notre dame vs stanford football 2009

Mar 11, 2018 Notre dame vs stanford football 2009, write my essay : 100% original content -

APA Essay Format: Help with Writing Your Essay Paper. An APA , American Psychological Association, style is a standard of writing academic papers in notre 2009 a variety of subjects relevant to university criteria the social sciences. This allows to write essays and research papers according to the same generally accepted standard in Sociology, Psychology, Education, Political Science, Business and other disciplines. APA Style is notable for certain requirements related to paper format, font, margins and headings, as well as referencing. Dame Vs Stanford 2009? We designed this page to guide you through all the peculiarities of formatting a paper in university APA style . Learning about APA style will be a very rewarding experience for football you, as you will be able to reply it in all of your next writing assignments. Quick Navigation through the university, APA Essay Format Page: The Fundamentals of an dame football APA Essay Format. What comprises the APA style ? Does it provide requirements only to referencing the criteria, sources or to whole essay?

In their published guide book, the American Psychological Association, provides APA standards on the following issues: Title page. Unlike MLA style which doesn#8217;t require a title page, it is football a must in APA essay format . It usually contains such standard elements as the title of the paper, the student#8217;s name, teachers or course name, and the due date. The APA title page can be easily distinguished by the running header, the page number on the title page and two titles (a short one is followed by the full title). Union Pacific Rail Stanford? Abstract . Notre? Abstract is a single paragraph usually a half page long, and is written on a separate sheet. Photos Of Denver Campus? An abstract summarizing the football 2009, entire paper has the same copyrights as the whole paper. It should provide the main ideas/results of the paper and mention the methodology used to achieve them. Page format . Page format recommendations in APA style concern page numbers, margins, indentation and spacing. In-text references . The format of references in APA format is the foremost subject of depaul university student#8217;s concerns. You may pick up citations, quotations and summaries from various sources to support your statements.

When you use the idea or results that are not yours, they are to be referenced correctly. APA style approves of in-text references. The author and the year of publication should be included within the parenthesis in the essay. Page numbers also need to be mentioned when picking up lines from a book. Use of notre dame quotations . APA style recommends to put short quotations in quotation marks. If the union pacific stanford sunset, quotations used exceed the notre, word limit of 40 words, then the writer should indent 5 spaces from the margin and it should be double spaced. Also, in case of a long quotation, quotation marks should not be used, instead it should be ended with a full stop. Headings . Though it may be not required for an essay, but if you will write a research paper or thesis in APA format you#8217;ll need to structure it. Headings are used to separate and union pacific cars classify paper sections.

Thus use different heading styles for headings of sections and subsequent subsections. Reference list . Notre Vs Stanford 2009? Reference list is a must when you use in-text references, for you need to present the full information about the sources used.The reference list includes all sources used in the essay writing and cited in the paper, and it is arranged according to the alphabetical order by author. It is also of great importance to know how exactly different sources are cited as books, journals, magazines, and web pages are cited in a different way with certain requirements to each type of a source. You may consider how the basic APA requirements are met in APA Essay sample . APA Essay Template (Cick the Image to Enlarge) When using APA style there are a few standards to keep in university fraternity mind: double spaced; have all the margins set to one inch; it’s recommended to use the font serif typeface for the text and sans serif typeface for any labels; use 10-12 for the font size; always have page numbers; a header with the title of the paper should also be used. So, you may either format your essay in APA format yourself or download APA Template in rtf file from P rof E ssays.com . Notre Dame Vs Stanford Football 2009? Our expert writers will format your paper for free when you place an medical order on notre dame vs stanford football 2009 our website. Your essay will come to you in the APA format with a free bibliography and proper in-text citations. Other free extras that are included are a free outline, free plagiarism report and free title page. Ohio University Nutrition? Try our services and get 15 percent off your first order! Just put the code FPE15OFF in the order form to get the discount, and request the free add-ons that you need.

We know the notre 2009, feeling, it#8217;s like a 300 lb weight on your shoulders. The paper#8217;s due date is fast approaching, you think about the ohio state university animal nutrition, work all the time but haven#8217;t started yet and notre dame 2009 you spend hours staring at medical school academic requirements for stanford a blank piece of paper waiting for inspiration to strike while your friends are all out having fun. Well, that can all change in an instant. P rof E ssays.com is a reliable academic writing service service providing professional essay help. Our qualified experts genuinely understand how to 2009 write an stanford university mba admissions A+ essay in APA Format. Dame Vs Stanford? Use our interactive calculator to depaul chicago il attractions see how much it will cost you to gain your freedom back.

Within 10 minutes, you can be out having the time of your life while we write an A+ paper for you and dame vs stanford 2009 deliver it to your inbox always on time! Learn More. Why choosing us to help? P rof E ssays.com has been providing custom writing services to students for the past eight years. Thousands of students have benefited from our services, achieving excellence in their courses and education. Ohio Nutrition? The evident testimony to football the excellence of our services and depaul university campus chicago the trust our customers have in us is that 65% of football 2009 our customers come back with repeat orders. Your privacy is university important to notre dame football P rof E ssays.com , none of your personal information or details, such as credit card or banking details, will ever be compromised or disclosed to any third party. You are always on rail cars stanford the save side with P rof E ssays.com ! Click here to place your order. References are obligatory in a body of the essay if you use some external sources, and especially when you cite them in the APA essay . In-text references are used instead of footnotes in APA format. The sources are indicated by the last name of an dame vs stanford football author, a year of publication and a page number (if possible). In-text references are put in parenthesis (round brackets) within the sentence.

Thus the business fraternity, standard in-text reference in APA style will have the following format (Author, year) or (Author, year, page) . But there may be variations: 1. Dame 2009? If you are referring to an idea from another work, summarize it findings, or tell about the authors viewpoint you are referring to the whole book and should use (Author, year) format. Example : T. E. Lawrence, a British intelligence officer, became regarded as the union stanford sunset, man who was in dame football 2009 charge of the Arab revolt (Thomas, 1924). 2. If you are quoting the university mba admissions, source or bring in figures provided in notre vs stanford 2009 it, you need to include the page number in your in-text reference. Like: (Author, year, page). Example : Lawrence was compared to #8220;a caliph who had stepped out from the ohio animal nutrition, pages of #8216;The Arabian nights'#8221; (Thomas, 1924, 16) 3. If the author or the year of publication is already mentioned in the sentence there is no need to repeat this information in the in-text citation again. Examples: With Lawrence in Arabia was published in 2009 1924 (Thomas). Lawrence of Arabia became famous due to mcmaster academic the book of Lowell Thomas (1924). 4. Multiple authors reference . If the source is written by notre football 2009 multiple authors, then you should state last names of photos campus all of dame vs stanford 2009 them, at least in the first reference within the essay. University Of Denver Campus? Later in the essay, one can use the name of the first author with et al for others.

Example: (Morris, Raskin, 1993) first in-text reference. (Morris et al., 1993) subsequent in-text reference. 5. In case of notre football no author . Stanford? In some cases the notre football, author may be an organization or department, so the university mba admissions, stating of their name will complete the dame vs stanford, APA essay format . Or else the mention of the book will also fulfill the need. O'hare Chicago Il Attractions? Titles of books in the in-text references should be italicized, titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. Organization: (ProfEssays.com, 2009) Book: (The correspondence, 1914) The reference list includes all sources used in notre dame vs stanford 2009 the course of the essay and cited in the paper. The references should always be organized in alphabetical order . This gives an organized look to the essay.

It is also important to know exactly how different sources, such as books, journals, magazines, and union pacific stanford web pages should be shown in the reference list. As certain requirements differ for vs stanford football 2009 each type of source: Book : Author, A. (Year of publication). Title of work: SUBTITLE. Location: Publisher. Note: if you have several books by union pacific rail stanford the same author in the reference list, you should list them in chronological order.

Article : Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. Dame Vs Stanford Football? on-line source : Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date if availiable). Title of state university nutrition article. Name of the web-site.

Retrieved from http://www.url/ on Year, Month Date. Football 2009? Readers and writers alike can find headings as a useful tool in university writing. Aside from notre dame football 2009, providing order, essay headings can function as an ID – in the sense that it can provide identification on the ideas that are presented below. Headings function as a guide for your readers, as it will clue them in on your thought flow. The APA style allows five levels of headings when writing. Level one is the university criteria, first category, while the subsequent levels are provisions for succeeding sub-categories.

In the APA essay format it is of the utmost importance to use the titles and headings appropriately. APA makes recommendations on the APA essay headings format, where information on font, punctuation and position are provided, all of which can be viewed at ProfEssays.com : heading level 1: Centered, Boldface, Each Word with a Capital Letter. heading level 2: Left-adjusted, Boldface, Each Word with a Capital Letter. heading level 5: Indented, italicized, with a period . Note : in APA format headings #8220; Introduction #8221; and #8220; Conclusion #8221; are not required! Only the parts of the main body should have headings! Title page should be numbered in notre dame football APA format. A “running header” should be placed in the right corner at the top of the page next to the page number. A “running header” in APA style contains a short title of the essay.

The essay title should be placed one-third of the page down from the top. APA styles requires to write a short title first, put a colon and write the full title underneath. Author#8217;s name is usually several lines underneath. The name of the course, the chicago, name of professor, and the date of submission are printed at the bottom of the APA title page. APA regulations on abbreviations, tables and figures. You may not need it in your APA essay , but there are APA regulations on abbreviations, tables and figures. Abbreviations can be used later in the essay after the full form is mention in the first time. This saves space, but makes a mention of the author, book or organization each time it is notre vs stanford used.

In APA papers both tables and figures should be presented on separate pages, with the caption at the bottom of the page. What to remember with the APA essay writing format. The main thrust of documenting guidelines is to university o'hare campus avoid plagiarism. To do so, several citing outlines have been created by many academics or groups – one of which is the American Psychological Association or the APA. As with other documenting guidelines, the APA generally recommends in-text citations. These types are enclosed in a parenthesis and placed immediately after the borrowed thought or idea. When beginning with the APA essay writing format , P rof E ssays.com suggests that the student should always remember to take note of the reference material’s author(s), publication house, publication year and the page number where the idea was taken from. APA essay format may sound tricky and troublesome to some, but is actually an easy way to dame vs stanford organize a written work.

The APA Essay Format is entirely designed to structure the stanford university mba admissions, flow of thoughts throughout the essay. Notre Vs Stanford Football? It is said that the citing is complicated, but only has a few rules and guidelines that need to be followed. The format can be adapted depending on state animal nutrition the nature and the topic of notre vs stanford 2009 a custom essay. It particularly helps in cases where many writers are involved in the writing process at the same time, giving symmetry and a logical presentation without a miss to the readers. Photos University Campus? When writing an essay, citing your reference(s) is considered a critical part of the notre football, writing process. This fundamental element of writing helps students avoid plagiarism.

In an academe, plagiarism is a very serious offense that can sometimes lead to expulsion. The American Psychological Association or the APA style is the formatting guide that is used when writing a paper on university mba admissions criteria the Social Sciences. As with all documenting styles, the APA has recommendations on essay format, headings and citing references. Information on formatting your APA essay now easier because there are a number of on-line sites, such as P rof E ssays.com , which can provide you with key points in documentation. Anyone and any company can claim to offer its essay help, but not every company can offer high-quality and notre football result-oriented essay help. The appropriate APA format for your manuscript. Many professors recommend strict compliance with manuscript formatting guidelines when writing any type of academic paper. Following the university, format not only notre dame 2009, ensures organization for each essay written by an individual student, but it also provides uniformity in appearance for all students’ academic papers. In writing a paper regarding the social sciences, APA makes several recommendations and guidelines on the format of essays . Though these elements may seem trivialon the use of the title page, the format of university mba admissions headings, page numbers, margins, indentation and spacing.

Though these elements may seem trivial, P rof E ssays.com believes that compliance remains a must. College essay format: writing effectively in the collegiate level. What differentiates a college essay from notre, a high school or a junior high school essay is the university animal, level of professionalism it exudes. As more complex topics are discussed, the need for further research becomes a necessity. Notre Football 2009? Another important factor to consider is the medical school academic for stanford, format of the essay. APA college essay format requires thorough referencing and citing as well as structuring of the essay . Notre Vs Stanford Football 2009? While college academic papers follow the basic essay format of introduction, body and conclusion, it is important to remember that the APA college essay format must be more encompassing and more extensive. The APA college essay format differs from simple APA style so we provide specific essay help in this type of o'hare campus writing. P rof E ssays.com believes that many academes actually require a five paragraph essay on the college level, where the notre dame 2009, body consumes 60% of the whole essay. P rof E ssays.com is professional and reliable essay writing service which provides 24/7 customer essay help.

Write Effectively With the Right Essay Format. A standard essay format provides order to any academic paper. Though this is merely a superficial element of essay writing, its importance is undeniable, as many established documenting styles provide recommendations for the format of any academic paper. The American Psychological Association, APA, also has suggestions for fraternity your APA college essay format .

Mar 11, 2018 Notre dame vs stanford football 2009, write my research paper for me -

Oracle Apps Manufacturing Resume Sample. Functional Consultant Oracle Applications Specialist with 11+ years of business and notre dame, IT experience. ERP Analyst with 7 years of union pacific rail cars sunset experience in manufacturing and distribution modules of Oracle Applications. Notre Dame Vs Stanford? Five full cycle implementation at photos university of denver campus manufacturing sites (USA) using Oracle apps R12 and 11i various modules. Skilled in Identifying and notre dame vs stanford 2009, Analyzing Business Requirements , Solution Design, Gap Analysis , Business Process Mapping, Application configuration, Data Conversion and Validation, Customization and of oregon business indiana, Localization, System and Integration Testing, User Acceptance and notre dame, Training. Expertise and implementation experience in of oregon Oracle ERP Inventory (INV), Bills of Material (BOM), Work in Process (WIP), Advance supply chain planning (ASCP), Manufacturing Scheduling /MRP, Warehouse Management (WMS) , Mobile Supply Chain Applications (MSCA), Engineering (ENG), Cost management (CST), Quality (QA), E-Records and E-Signatures (ERES), Approvals Management (AME), Order Management (OM), Purchasing (PO), Depot Repair (CSD). Functional expertise in dame football 2009 Report, Interfaces, Conversions and photos university campus, Extensions (RICE) Component.

Discoverer Configuration. Good working experience in Demantra Demand Management, Oracle Configurator, I-Supplier, I-Procurement, Advanced Product Catalog (APC), Oracle Workflow, XML Publisher. Solution design for Business Flows and dame vs stanford football 2009, Functions such as Design to Release , Forecast to Plan , Plan to Schedule , Schedule to Build , Quality management, Product Costing to university mba admissions, Inventory Valuation , Inventory Count to notre dame vs stanford football 2009, Reconciliation , Plan to of oregon fraternity indiana, Replenish, Procure to Pay , Internal Requisition to Deliver, Requisition to Receipt, Supplier Return, Order to Shipment, Assemble to Order to notre dame football, Shipment , Available to Promise , Service Request to Resolution, Repair process , Period End Close and Reporting. Conversant with ‘Oracle - AIM’, ‘Oracle Accelerator’ ‘GE Healthcare - IMPRD’ Implementation Methodology. Oracle Business Accelerator-R12 certified. Project management. Experienced in managing offshore support team. Excellent communication documentation skill. Tools/Packages Oracle applications R12, 11i, 11 10.7, Oracle Accelerator, Oracle UPK, Discoverer, Bartender, Intermec- labelshop pro, Data Loader, Toad, SQL*Loader, SQL*Plus, Open Interface API , Quality Center, QTP, PVCS, e-Library, Workflow Builder, MS Project, OpenProj, MS office, Visio.

Programming Language PL/SQL, SQL, HTML, XML. Operating Systems Windows Vista/XP/2000/NT, UNIX (SUN Solaris), DOS. Databases Oracle 10g, 9i, 8i, 8.x, 7.x and MS Access. Oracle 11i Implementation, GE Healthcare - GSC, Milwaukee, WI Feb 2009 Present. Global Service Center (GSC) of GEHC is the mcmaster medical academic requirements world’s leading Service business of medical diagnostic imaging equipment, including conventional and football 2009, digital x-ray, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, ultrasound, positron emission tomography and of denver, nuclear medicine. GSC implementing Oracle Applications to notre dame, automate entire repair process. As a SME I implemented Depot Repair, INV, BOM, WIP, PO, OM, CST and fraternity, Quality module. Key initiatives are streamline the notre dame vs stanford football 2009 Return Repair process, Exchange Loaner process, Asset Recovery process, Item attribute- service and template set-up , Non-standard job configuration , Productivity repair cost analysis, Repair part testing and mcmaster medical academic for stanford, quality data collection, Repair process holds, Repair BOM and Routing, Quality collection plans and collection element setup, label printing bar code deployment for repair process, Product cost mapping, Purchasing Position Hierarchy and approval route configuration, Shipping network set-up, Shelf life management, Cycle count Physical count setup, Solution design document, Reporting requirements. Requirement collection evaluation. Scope determination. Gap Analysis and Resolution.

Prepared Design functional specification document for new business processes. Mapped business process with the oracle modules. Prepared Setup specification documents BR100 configured oracle modules like CSD, INV, BOM, WIP, CST, PO, OM and vs stanford football, Quality. Integrated Order Management with Depot Repair to create RMA and Sales Orders, validate customer accounts, and invoice customers for repairs. Integrated Quality with WIP PO to capture Quality data during repair inspection process.

Defined various repair types like Repair and Return, Loaner, Exchange, Advance Exchange, Replacement etc to union pacific rail cars sunset, support different business processes. Configured quality collection plans to capture critical element as per repair test plan for specific item. 2009? Displayed alert massage for specifications and errors. Configured Purchasing options, Receiving Options, Purchasing Approval Groups, Buyers, Jobs, Position Hierarchy, Assignment set, Sourcing Rules and the Approved Supplier list. Form Personalization to trigger custom label. Evaluated/demonstrated E-Records and E-Signatures (ERES) to meet FDA compliance requirements. Data Migration Validation strategy.

Performed Data conversion through Data Loader. Designed customized reports Bar code labels. Bar Code printer deployment. Coordinated between the business and university of oregon business fraternity, the technical team members through the solution delivery process. Recommended supported all Oracle Applications patching, upgrades and vs stanford football 2009, maintenance activities by testing and troubleshooting functional issues.

Conducted CRP, User Acceptance Test User Training. Go Live. Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to ohio state university animal nutrition, resolution. Environment : Oracle Applications 11.5.10.2. Oracle R12 implementation, Escalade Inc, Evansville, IN Jan 2008 Feb 2009. ERP Specialist - MFG SC. Escalade Inc is notre dame vs stanford a manufacturer and stanford mba admissions criteria, distributor of notre 2009 sporting goods and union pacific stanford sunset, office/graphic arts products through two wholly owned subsidiaries: Escalade Sports and Martin Yale.

As a SME I implemented INV, BOM, WIP, ASCP, WMS, MSCA, CST, PO and Quality across multiple sites in US, Mexico Europe using Oracle Business Accelerator. Key initiatives are Planning and football, scheduling configuration , Integration with Demantra forecast model, Constrained Planning configuration, Available to promise (ATP) configuration, Build to Order process set-up, RF Scanner, label printing bar code process deployment for manufacturing, receiving and shipping, Super market setup, WMS org configuration , Put away and Cross Docking rule set-up, MSCA GUI configuration, PTO Kit set-up, Direct Indirect cost mapping, Return Repair process, Set-up for Demo Trade-show inventory, NPI and ECO process, Purchasing approval hierarchy configuration , Auto create purchase requisition from planning workbench, Cycle count and stanford university mba admissions, Physical count setup, OSP and Drop-ship process, Quality collection plans and collection element set-up, Engineering, Production Purchasing hold, Scrap calculation, XML and Discoverer reports, Workflow configuration, Scrap calculation, Data migration from AS400 to oracle, Training and change management. Collected business requirement by interviewing client team across multiple sites. Reviewed business process documents. Accountable for notre dame vs stanford football 2009, providing leadership and facilitation for o'hare chicago il attractions, requirements gathering, structured documentation and notre vs stanford football, presentation of state university animal nutrition findings. Gap Analysis and Resolution. Notre Dame 2009? Prepared functional specifications use-case document for new or modified business processes. Conducted work sessions to capture required input for Accelerator questionnaire. Configured Production and Test instance using Accelerator advance setup template. Configuration Tool runs issues resolved and photos of denver campus, validated base set-up.

Prepared Setup specification documents BR100 configured oracle modules INV, BOM, WIP, ASCP, WMS, MSCA, PO, CST and notre, Quality. Integrated Quality with WIP and Purchasing to stanford mba admissions criteria, capture Quality data during manufacturing, receiving and return process. Mapped Non conformance, disposition, skip lot inspection processes. Data Migration strategy. Prepared CV060/CV040 - Conversion specification documents, Data Validation Load file preparation. Performed Data conversion through Data Loader. Notre Vs Stanford Football 2009? Supported conversions like Items, Item Categories, BOM, Routing, Cost, Item transaction default, Price list, On hand. Designed customized reports Bar code labels and prepared specification documents.

Integrated testing with Bartender S/W label printer. Trained Users on Oracle forms and university campus il attractions, Handheld Computers/Handheld Terminals. Barcode scanning process deployment for 2009, MFG, Receiving Shipping area. Used Oracle UPK to mcmaster school academic requirements for stanford, prepare training manuals, user training document work instruction sheet. Helped with security, Oracle responsibilities, alerts, workflow approvals and 2009, system privileges. Identified and analyzed non-functional requirements such as system performance, usability, reliability, adaptability, security, and other operational aspects. Coordinated between the business and the technical team members through the solution delivery process. Recommended supported all Oracle Applications patching, upgrades and maintenance activities by testing and troubleshooting functional issues. Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to resolution effectively. Conducted Super user training, CRP, User Acceptance Test, end user training. Go Live.

Production Support Implementation issues, Training, Month end, year end activities. Environment : Oracle Applications R12.0.4. Oracle Apps, Cummins Power Generation, Fridley, MN Jul 2007 Jan 2008. Cummins Power Generation is a global provider of ohio animal power generation systems, components and services in standby power, distributed power generation, as well as auxiliary power in mobile applications. As a Solutions Architect designed and deployed ‘Cummins Annual Operating Plan automated processes, solution that integrate IT and dame vs stanford 2009, business process to support strategic business information needs.

Oracle solution primarily involves Oracle Inventory, Work in Process, Bills of Material Cost management. Stanford Criteria? In order to prepare the dame annual operating plan (AOP) for Cummins line of business (commercial, consumer Electronic) it is imperative to understand the campus impact of impending cost changes to the sellable products. Variation between the estimated total product cost planned in the AOP and actual total product cost resulting from vs stanford 2009, cost roll should ideally be zero. To estimate the impact of cost change variance as early as possible in AOP process, a custom functionality ‘Tool Reports’ blended with standard oracle process got designed and deployed. Requirements definition evaluation: functions and features. Prepared business use case, functional and cars stanford sunset, technical design specifications document.

Solution design for notre dame 2009, AOP automated tool and reports. Coordinated between the business and photos of denver campus, the technical team members through the solution delivery process. Identified operational inefficiencies and integration issues. Suggested alternative solution. Prioritization and assignment of development activities to notre football, offshore team. Specification documents for reports customizations. Designed deployed customized reports.

Prepared test script, user training document and photos of denver, work instruction sheet. Conducted integrated testing and UAT. Analyzed data issues and resolved problems. Supported development and execution of deployment plan. Environment : Oracle Applications 10.7. Achievement : Year 2007 AOP variation was $15.7 million. After AOP automated tool deployment, 2008 variation is virtually Zero. Oracle 11i Roll-out, USG Interiors Inc, Greenville, MS Mar 2007 - Jun 2007. USG is dame vs stanford football 2009 a leading manufacturer of stanford university criteria building materials for vs stanford football 2009, the construction and remodeling industries. As an ERP analyst rolled out Oracle Inventory, Bills of Material, Work in Process, Warehouse Management and stanford criteria, Mobile Supply Chain Applications (MSCA) and cost modules at USG plant. Vs Stanford 2009? Key initiatives were Item attributes, template, categories configuration, RF Scanner and bar code process deployment, WMS Org configuration, WMS Rules set-up, Receiving manufacturing transactions on RF scanner, New product introduction (NPI), cycle count set-up, Work Order-less Completions and return process, Scrap calculation , Production Reporting and Reconciliation, product cost mapping , Custom reports.

Requirement collection evaluation. Photos University? Scope determination. Mapped business process with the oracle modules. Gap Analysis and Resolution. Prepared Setup specification documents BR100 configured oracle modules in development and production environment. Trained Users on Oracle forms and Handheld Computers/Handheld Terminals for manufacturing and inventory transactions. Prepared test plans, user training document work instruction sheet. Designed implemented customized reports/labels required by vs stanford 2009, users.

Integrated testing with bar code S/W label printer. Coordinated between the business and the technical team members through the solution delivery process. Recommended Supported all Oracle Applications patching, upgrades and maintenance activities by testing and troubleshooting functional issues. Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to photos university of denver, resolution effectively. Conducted Super user training, CRP , User Acceptance Test , end user training and Go Live. Production Support roll-out issues , Training, Month end activities. Environment: Oracle Applications 11.5.10. Oracle 11i Implementation at Datex-Ohmeda Inc, Laurel, MD Oct 2005 - Feb 2007.

Manufacturing Functional Lead. Datex-Ohmeda Inc is implementing Oracle Applications Suite of software to meet its e-business vision. As a Function Lead implemented Oracle INV, BOM, WIP, ENG, MS/MRP, PO, ERES and AME at Laurel plant. Notre Vs Stanford Football 2009? Key initiatives were to stanford, configure Planning, Inventory Min-Max planning, SMI material through Kanban Replenishment, cycle count physical count set-up, OSP process, Shelf life item management. Super market setup (Lean MFG) to streamline material handling, ERES deployment across oracle modules, ATO PTO, Approval hierarchy set-up, Data migration from legacy system to oracle. Coordinated with technical team for notre vs stanford football 2009, customization, third party system integrations (e-Matrix, GXS- supplier portal, BI Reports-Cognos), SOX compliance. Requirement collection evaluation. Scope determination. As-Is Vs To-be Process Analysis. Gap Analysis and fraternity indiana, Resolution. Accountable for providing leadership and facilitation for dame vs stanford 2009, requirements gathering, structured documentation and state university animal, presentation of 2009 findings.

Prepared Setup specification documents BR100 configured oracle modules in development and production environment. Prepared Conversion specification documents CV60/CV40, Data Validation Load file preparation. Deployed ERES AME framework to cars stanford sunset, achieve FDA compliance for required business transactions. Performed Data conversion through Interfaces/Data Loader. Conversions like Items, Item Categories, BOM, Routing, Cost, Item transaction default, On handetc. Error resolution. Designed customized reports Bar code labels required by users. Specification documents for notre dame vs stanford 2009, Reports Customizations MD63 interface MD60. Developed comprehensive test plan at various Phase CRP1, CRP2, and university mba admissions criteria, ITEST Go-live.

Prepared Test scripts for dame vs stanford, user testing by o'hare il attractions, mapping the actual business scenarios. Exhaustive Implementation Testing End to End. Managed Quality Center/ Test Director for test case management and defect tracking. Prepared Test Plan, Training Documents and work instructions. User training and User Acceptance Test. Go Live. Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to football, resolution effectively. Production Support resolved implementation issues. Mcmaster Medical Requirements? Month end, year end activities. Environment : Oracle Applications 11.5.10. Oracle 11i Implementation at GE Clinical Systems, Madison, WI Feb 2004 Aug 2005.

GE Clinical Systems in the business of notre football 2009 high end Medical equipment like digital imaging, scanners etc. Pacific Rail Stanford? It is carrying out the notre dame football implementation in a global single instance in a discrete manufacturing environment. As a MFG Consultant I was responsible for INV, WIP, BOM, CST and ENG module implementation. Key initiatives were to set up Item parameter, cycle count physical count, Model BOM Configuration, Product Cost mapping, Cost-roll up and variance analysis, Data migration and validation, NPI and ECO process. Coordinated with technical team for depaul o'hare campus, third party system integrations (Sales workbench, Service Parts Order Management, BI Reports, IQA)

Mapped business requirements. As-Is Vs To-be Process Analysis. Gap Analysis and Resolution. Prepared Setup specification documents BR100 configured oracle modules in development and notre dame vs stanford football 2009, production environment. Prepared Conversion specification documents CV60/CV40. Data Validation Load file preparation. Performed Data conversion through Interfaces / Data Loader.

Conversions like Item, Item Categories, BOM, Routing, Cost, On handetc. Error resolution. Designed customized reports/labels required by users. Ohio State University Animal? Specification documents for Reports Customizations MD63 interface MD60. Developed comprehensive test plan at various Phase CRP1, CRP2, and dame vs stanford football 2009, ITEST Go-live. Pacific Stanford Sunset? Prepared Test scripts for user testing by mapping the 2009 actual business scenarios. Exhaustive Implementation Testing End to End.

Managed Quality Center/ Test Director for mcmaster medical academic requirements, test case management and defect tracking. Prepared Training Documents. End user training. Conducted CRP UAT. Go-live. Managed Oracle Service Requests (SR's) to resolution effectively. Production Support resolved implementation issues. Month end Quarter close activities.

Environment : Oracle Applications 11.5.9. Oracle Apps Production Support, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI Apr 2003 Jan 2004. Production support activities (24x7) for notre, GE healthcare live sites across Americas, Europe and Asia. Tracked and resolved business user issues and helped with process across Manufacturing, Distribution and Finance modules. Assisted program manager by scoping the photos university proposed solution leading to accurate cost and time estimates.

Developed functional specifications and dame football 2009, system design specifications document to meet business requirements. Supported Conversions, Report, Interfaces, and ohio state university nutrition, Extensions requirements. Prepared Set-up BR100, Conversion specification documents CV60/CV40. Supported Data conversions like Items, Item Categories, BOM, Routing, Cost, on dame vs stanford football 2009 hand, Sourcing rule, Item Transaction Defaults, Open PO, Price List. Coordinated between the university of oregon fraternity business and the technical team members through the solution delivery process. Test plan development and football 2009, execution. Conducted User training. Prepared training documents and business, work instructions. Month end, Quarter close, Year end activities and reporting. Environment : Oracle Applications 11i. Configure, Price, Quote, GE Healthcare, Mumbai, India Feb 2001 Mar 2003.

Configure-Price-Quote (CPQ), a Product Configuration application, is GEHC’s global initiative to integrate its multiple equipment selling systems on a single global platform. Dame Football 2009? CPQ integrates with the Order to Receipt (OTR) Oracle Apps system different components of photos of denver campus sales workbench. CPQ Application is being developed using Selectica’s ISS (Interactive Selling System) tool. Identified and consolidated key Business needs requirements from different GEHC businesses feeding into the CPQ program. Analyzed and Evaluated enhancements to notre dame vs stanford, the application.

Coordinated between User and technical teams through the design and development process to fraternity, delivery. Developed test plan and notre dame vs stanford, integrated test script. Medical Academic For Stanford? Used Test Director for defect tracking. Designed Product hierarchy tool to support product configuration. Developed use cases system mock up for support tools. Bajaj Tempo Limited, M.P., India Jul 1997 Jun 1999. Bajaj Tempo is a leading light commercial Vehicle manufacturer in India.

Manufacture Tempo Trax, Tempo Traveler, Matador, Tempo Tractor, and Mini-door in the segment of passenger load carrying vehicle. As Production Engineer I was -in-charge of Tempo Trax production line, managed manpower of around 20 employees and notre football, reporting to Plant Manager. Production planning to meet daily and monthly targets. Manufacturing scheduling Resource allocation. Co-ordination with supporting dept. School For Stanford? (Maintenance, Quality control, IT , Return Repair dept etc). Performance monitoring execution. Production issue resolution.

Master of Engineering (Manufacturing Systems), Birla Institute of notre dame football 2009 Technology and Science- Pilani, Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical), Govt. Indiana? Engineering College, Ujjain India. Oracle Certification Program (OCP) - 11i E-Business Suite Essentials for Implementers.

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Analysis of notre 2009, Kazuo Ishiguro’s A Family Supper Term Paper (Advanced seminar) 2010 7 Pages. Kazuo Ishiguro’s 1982 short story A Family Supper tells the story of ohio state nutrition, a Japanese family, sitting down to dinner together for the first time in years. Having lived in California for several years, the notre 2009, son returns to Tokyo to his father’s house. While they wait for the arrival of the daughter, Kikuko, the son and the father talk a little about the mother’s death, the collapse of the father’s firm, and the son’s plans for the future. When Kikuko joins them, the father goes off to prepare the depaul o'hare il attractions, supper, leaving the brother and sister to take a stroll in the garden together where Kikuko talks about her life at university. They also recall their childhood fears of the ghost the football, son believes to have seen in the garden once. Before dinner, the father decides to show his son around the house. While they are eating, the son confuses a picture of his mother with the appearance of the garden ghost he remembers, which angers his father. The short story closes with the father inviting his son to come home again and confiding his hopes that his daughter may return home too. On the surface, this short story may appear shallow, perhaps even slightly confusing. Business Fraternity Indiana! The reader, however, can rest assured that Ishiguro intended to draw attention to specific themes and has therefore charged seemingly random statements with meaning to convey these themes.

Moreover, every reader is, to a certain, extent aware of the atmosphere the story creates and also receptive to a specific impression of the characters. It is, therefore, advisable to reflect upon the different constituents of a short story more closely, in order to understand the notre vs stanford 2009, story more clearly and to appreciate how Ishiguro succeeds in conveying these impressions. To begin with, in the attempt to create a specific atmosphere, the author of a short story can rely on the appearance of the setting to be an effective supplement to the narrative. The reader can therefore assume with some certainty that Ishiguro intended to communicate a particular ambience in portraying the setting as he did. The story plays in a Japanese family.

The action takes place in the father’s house in Tokyo. Mcmaster Medical Academic For Stanford! When they arrive at the house, it is near dusk. The reader will notice that this background image of fading daylight serves as the basis for a story line in notre dame football, which shadows as well as dimly lit rooms add to ohio university animal, an atmosphere of mystery. For it is not only the garden, which becomes ever darker, thus supporting the dame football, mystery around the ghost, only to fall into complete darkness at the end of the story (pp 1 . 436, 438, 442), but also the dining room where the family has supper, which is described as ‘a dimly lit room’ (p. 440).

Furthermore, the son notices the father’s face moving from the o'hare campus, ‘half light’ (p. Notre! 440) at the beginning of the meal into university il attractions, ‘shadow’ (p. 441) when they are about to eat the fish. As the reader does not discover what kind of fish it is, Ishiguro’s play with light intensifies the mystery of the scene. In addition, the football, house is described as very large, yet upon being shown around, the university of denver campus, son remarks that most of the rooms, save one, are ‘startlingly empty’ (p. 439). Given that the reader has learned about the notre vs stanford, different losses the father has had to bear - the death of stanford criteria, his wife, the collapse of his business, and the departing of dame vs stanford football, his children - it comes to mind that Ishiguro may have intended to mirror the father’s state of mind in the house.

This may be further encouraged by the fact that one room is of denver, crammed full of belongings (p. 439), showing that the father has not yet given up his hope to a happy life. In trying to understand how Ishiguro succeeds in communicating his narrative effectively, the thorough reader needs to give thought to the point of view from which the story is narrated, and to which effect this leads. A Family Supper is dame 2009, narrated from the pacific rail cars stanford, point of view of the dame vs stanford, son, and can be classified, therefore, as a 1st person narration since the son is a participant in the action. As a result, the information the reader receives is not only limited to the knowledge the son has, but also to the particular focus of attention the son opts for. The description of his father can consequently not be regarded as objective (pp. 434, 435). Nor can we be sure that he and his sister were in fact close as children, as he says, or whether his personal impression is false (p. 436). The choice of university fraternity, narrator is crucial to the development of plot in this story.

If it were told from the notre dame vs stanford football, point of mcmaster school academic for stanford, view of the father, the suspense surrounding the notre dame, climax might be far less intense, as intrusion into mcmaster academic, the father’s thought would be possible. Hence, the question whether the father serves his family Fugu or not remains more or less unanswered, as the 1st person narrator cannot provide this information. What is more, the reader receives astonishingly few insights to the son’s thoughts, whereby his true feelings concerning his return to Japan would be interesting. As a short story is dame 2009, characterized by its brief span of narrative time, among other features, the depaul university o'hare campus chicago, author of a short story is faced with the difficulty of having to develop the notre 2009, plot in pacific cars sunset, a very short time. The plot, moreover, needs to be arranged in such a way as to achieve maximum dramatic effect. Ishiguro’s choice in arranging the plot of ‘A Family Supper’ not only ensures continuing suspense, but also an ongoing tone of mystery. The major contributing factor to this is to be found in vs stanford football 2009, the information the reader receives in the exposition. University Campus! The report on the poisonous fish Fugu, as well as the account of the mother’s death (p. 434) directly introduce the notre vs stanford football, reader to and confront him with the topic of death. Pacific Rail Sunset! Ishiguro uses the subsequent scenes of rising action to communicate a specific picture of his characters to the reader. Dame Football 2009! Foremost, the reader is guided to university, the impression that the father’s life has become somewhat joyless - the loss of football, his wife (p.434), the loss of his firm (p.

435), the big, empty house (p. 439). Moreover, the narrative repeatedly turns to topics concerning death or mystery, for example the father’s and Kikuko’s accounts of Watanabe’s death (pp. 435, 438 respectively). Ishiguro thereby alludes to the exposition again and again. The phase of rising action experiences one last jolt when the son believes to recognize his deceased mother in the ghost he saw as a little child (p. 440). The story reaches its climax when the father offers the fish dish as the final course.

Undoubtedly, every reader is aware of the immense tension Ishiguro has managed to contrive in this scene. The reader’s mind rushes to recall the information from the exposition, the subtle hints at death and mystery given throughout the story, as well as the father’s lonely life. In addition, the extremely laconic statements concerning the fish uttered by the father and the son (p. 441), Ishiguro’s application of university mba admissions criteria, light and shadow to the scene, moving the father’s face from the ‘half-light’ (p. 440) into ‘shadow’ (p. 441), and the complete lack of insight into the narrator’s thoughts reinforce the tremendous suspense. Inevitably, the reader wonders whether the father is poisoning his family.

However, it is doubtful whether the characters in the story experience this climax in the same way as the reader. For the reader regards the action from a more totalitarian point of view and notre dame football 2009 the interpretation of the climax is therefore influenced by additional information such as given in the exposition or the setting. The characters, on the other hand, live, as it were, in the moment and are not manipulated in university of denver campus, the way the reader is. Their behaviour does not give the impression they fear they are being poisoned. It can thus be argued that the story experiences a second climax: confused by his childhood memory of the ghost, the dame football, son does recognize his mother on picture(p. 440).

1 As all page numbers are in reference to my own copy of the short story, they are unfortunately unlikely to be accurate.

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Downsizing the Federal Government. Your Guide to Cutting Federal Spending. The Federal Emergency Management Agency: Floods, Failures, and Federalism. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is the lead federal agency for disaster preparedness, response, and relief. FEMA’s budget fluctuates from year to vs stanford football 2009, year, but spending has trended sharply upwards in recent decades.

The agency spent $22 billion in fiscal 2013 and university animal nutrition, $10 billion in fiscal 2014. The main activity of FEMA is distributing aid to individuals and state and local governments after natural disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes. In addition, the agency provides ongoing grants to the states for disaster preparedness, and it operates the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). FEMA’s response to some major disasters has been slow, disorganized, and profligate. Vs Stanford 2009? The agency’s actions have sometimes been harmful, such as when it has blocked the relief efforts of other organizations.

FEMA’s dismal response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005 dramatized the agency’s bureaucratic dysfunction. FEMA’s grants for disaster preparedness are known for medical school requirements for stanford, wastefulness. As for the NFIP, its insurance subsidies are spurring development in flood-prone areas, which in turn is increasing the damage caused by floods. The NFIP also encourages an expansion of notre dame football, federal regulatory control over local land-use planning. Federalism is mcmaster medical academic requirements for stanford, supposed to undergird America’s system of handling disasters, particularly natural disasters. State, local, and private organizations should play the dominant role. Looking at American history, many disasters have generated large outpourings of aid by individuals, businesses, and charitable groups.

Today, however, growing federal intervention is undermining the role of private institutions and the states in handling disasters. Policymakers should reverse course and begin cutting FEMA. Ultimately, the agency should be closed down by ending aid programs for disaster preparedness and relief and privatizing flood insurance. President Jimmy Carter created the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) by dame vs stanford 2009 executive order in 1979 to coordinate the government’s growing involvement in disasters. Among federal agencies, FEMA has the lead role in helping communities respond to both natural and man-made disasters. However, the depaul university il attractions great bulk of FEMA spending is for natural disasters, which are the main focus of notre vs stanford 2009, this essay.

Aside from disaster relief, FEMA provides ongoing aid to the states for emergency preparedness, and it operates the National Flood Insurance Program. FEMA employees are generally not first responders. Instead, their main role is providing financial aid to state and local governments and individuals. FEMA spent $10 billion in fiscal 2014, but annual expenditures fluctuate depending on the occurrence of disasters. Medical School Academic Requirements For Stanford? 1 Spending has trended upwards in notre 2009 recent decades as federal aid packages have become larger and more frequent. Annual average FEMA spending was $0.7 billion in the 1980s, $2.8 billion in the 1990s, $13 billion in the 2000s, and ohio animal nutrition, $13 billion so far in the 2010s. Since 2000, 61 percent of FEMA spending has been for disaster relief, 20 percent has been for ongoing grants to state and dame vs stanford, local governments, and ohio state university animal, 12 percent has gone to the NFIP. 2 The remaining 7 percent has gone to other programs and vs stanford football, administrative costs.

Prior to photos university campus, the mid-20th century, federal involvement in disasters was generally limited to the activities of the U.S. military, which provided relief after some major disasters. Vs Stanford? There was very little civilian federal involvement in ohio disasters, which were the responsibility of state and local governments and the private sector. But since the 1950s, federal intervention has grown as numerous laws have expanded the scope of federal authority and as policymakers have increased spending. Nonetheless, the federal role is notre vs stanford football 2009, still supposed to be very limited under current law. Under the 1988 Stafford Act, the federal government is supposed to get involved in disasters only criteria, if they are of “such severity and dame vs stanford football, magnitude that effective response is beyond the capabilities of the depaul university o'hare chicago state and the affected local governments.” 3 A very limited federal role is dame vs stanford football 2009, appropriate under the American system of federalism. Academic Requirements? State and local governments and the private sector should fund disaster preparedness and relief for disasters by themselves, unless it is truly beyond their capabilities. And even then, states hit by disasters can rely on aid from other states. Federal involvement is appropriate when it has unique capabilities to offer. The Coast Guard’s search and rescue operations are often vital after hurricanes.

And the dame National Guard under state command can provide a crucial resource after major disasters, both for law enforcement purposes and relief operations. Cars Stanford? Other federal agencies have unique resources to deal with threats such as terrorism, pandemics, and chemical and biological attacks. However, the great majority of what FEMA does is not unique. Rather, FEMA’s main role is simply to 2009, transfer money from federal taxpayers to state and local governments and individuals for mcmaster medical, disaster-related costs. But there are few, if any, advantages in funding these costs from the federal level, and there are many disadvantages, as this study discusses. The first section provides a brief history of dame football, disaster response in the United States. The next section discusses the threat posed by the rising federalization of mcmaster academic, disaster preparedness, response, and relief. Federal policymakers are increasingly ignoring the Stafford Act limit, which could undermine the effectiveness of the nation’s disaster response system. Then the study examines FEMA’s performance in disaster response. The agency’s efforts have often been plagued by poor decisionmaking, wasteful spending, and notre 2009, excessive bureaucracy.

Some of its actions have been counterproductive and harmful. FEMA’s confused response to Hurricane Katrina was a prime example of the dysfunction that the agency has become known for. Next, the study looks at rail cars stanford sunset FEMA’s ongoing grants to state and local governments for disaster preparedness, which are mainly grants for local emergency services. These grants have often wasted money on low-value activities. It is more efficient to dame vs stanford 2009, fund local emergency services—such as fire and police—locally. Lastly, the study examines the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).

For decades, the NFIP has been subsidizing development in flood-prone areas, which has ended up putting more property at risk and photos of denver campus, exacerbating the damage from floods. The NFIP has also undermined federalism by increasing federal regulation of local land-use planning. The essay concludes that policymakers should end FEMA aid for disaster preparedness, response, and relief. They should repeal the NFIP and move flood insurance to the private sector. Notre Dame Vs Stanford Football? Those reforms would reduce FEMA spending by more than 90 percent. Remaining activities that may fulfill a unique role—such as flood mapping, planning for the continuity of government, and stanford university mba admissions criteria, preparedness for technological and radiological hazards—should be moved to other federal agencies. Vs Stanford Football 2009? With these reforms, FEMA should be closed down. Since the 19th century, the federal government through the U.S. military has occasionally provided aid after major disasters. 4 Until the mid-20th century, however, civilian federal aid for disasters was rare. Ohio State University Animal? After some disasters, Congress passed specific relief legislation, but many times it did not.

Relief bills were often blocked because policymakers did not believe that aid was a proper role for notre football, the federal government. 5 Between 1803 and 1947, Congress passed legislation just 128 times to either express sympathy for victims of particular disasters or to provide some modest aid. Photos Of Denver Campus? 6. In 1802 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, was destroyed by a fire. Fortunately, a large number of private donations totaling more than $45,000 poured in notre dame 2009 from around the country to depaul o'hare chicago il attractions, help rebuild the notre dame football town. 7 Congress provided aid in the form of temporarily suspending duties owed to the federal government by merchants in the town. 8 Duties on il attractions Portsmouth trade were an important source of federal revenues, so the government had an interest in notre vs stanford 2009 allowing the stanford university criteria merchants to get back on their feet. In 1812 Congress provided $50,000 for aid to notre dame football, victims of an earthquake in ohio the new republic of Venezuela, apparently for foreign policy reasons. 9. In 1815 Congress passed the New Madrid Relief Act, which provided aid to rural Missourians after a series of earthquakes.

The aid bill led to dissention and notre vs stanford football 2009, scandal. The act allowed victims in Missouri to ohio animal, exchange their damaged properties for notre dame vs stanford football 2009, certificates to ohio state university, acquire land elsewhere. But outside speculators descended on the area to dame football, buy land at bargain prices from owners who had not yet heard about the federal relief. At the same time, some owners who knew about the ohio state university animal relief sold title to their land to multiple different speculators. The resulting unfairness of the process led to large amounts of litigation, which took decades to resolve. 10. In 1827 Congress gave $20,000 in aid to Alexandria, Virginia, after a major fire. Even though the town was part of the District of Columbia at the time, many members of Congress questioned the constitutionality of providing public money to aid private individuals. 11.

In 1835 the notre dame vs stanford football Great Fire of of denver, Manhattan razed 674 buildings over 50 acres in New York City. Congress passed legislation temporarily suspending payments owed to vs stanford football 2009, the federal government by the city’s affected merchants. 12. In 1871 the pacific cars sunset Great Chicago Fire left about 300 people dead and 90,000 homeless. The U.S.

Army helped to restore order and provide security until the city got back on notre dame vs stanford its feet. 13 Within days of the disaster, huge amounts of aid from individuals, charitable groups, businesses, and other cities poured in from around the university o'hare chicago nation and abroad. 14 Chicago rebuilt very quickly. The private organization Chicago Relief and Aid Society played the dominant role in dame football coordinating the huge relief efforts. 15 The effective efforts of the state university animal nutrition Society were based on the organization’s deep roots in the local community and notre dame football 2009, its skilled leadership by experienced business people. In 1878 Congress passed the Posse Comitatus Act, which has had important implications for the federal role in university fraternity disasters. The Act generally bars military forces under federal command from being used for civilian law enforcement purposes. 16 Under current law, federal military personnel may be used for notre vs stanford, disaster relief operations at university campus the request of a state, but not for vs stanford football, law enforcement. 17 By contrast, National Guard units under the command of state governors are available to aid in ohio state law enforcement in disaster situations, as they were after Hurricane Katrina when the New Orleans police force collapsed.

In 1887 President Grover Cleveland famously vetoed a bill that would have provided $10,000 in aid to drought-stricken Texas farmers because of his concerns about notre, constitutional federalism. In his veto message, Cleveland said, I can find no warrant for such an appropriation in mcmaster academic for stanford the Constitution; and I do not believe that the dame vs stanford power and photos university, duty of the General Government ought to be extended to notre dame 2009, the relief of individual suffering which is in no manner properly related to the public service or benefit. Criteria? A prevalent tendency to disregard the limited mission of this power and duty should, I think, be steadily resisted, to the end that the lesson should be constantly enforced that, though the vs stanford people support the photos campus Government, the notre dame vs stanford football Government should not support the animal nutrition people.” 18. In 1906 San Francisco was struck by a massive earthquake and fire that destroyed 80 percent of the city and killed about 3,000 people. 19 At least 225,000 people out of notre dame football 2009, about 400,000 in the city were left homeless, and 28,000 buildings were wrecked. 20.

The San Francisco earthquake is remembered not just for the terrible destruction it caused, but also for the remarkably rapid rebuilding of the city. Stanford University Mba Admissions? More than 200,000 residents initially left the city, but the population recovered to pre-quake levels within just three years, and residents quickly rebuilt about 20,000 buildings. 21. The private sector response to the disaster was extremely impressive. Voluntary aid poured in dame 2009 from around the country. John D. University Criteria? Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and W.W. Astor, for example, each donated $100,000.

22 Charitable groups, including the football 2009 Salvation Army and the Red Cross, played a large role in relief efforts. The health care and home-products company Johnson and university fraternity indiana, Johnson quickly loaded rail cars full of donated medical supplies and sent them to San Francisco. Notre Football 2009? 23. The insurance industry was crucial to the rebuilding. About 90 percent of San Francisco residents had fire insurance from more than 100 different companies. 24 The companies ended up paying out a massive $225 million in claims, which was equal to what the stanford criteria entire U.S. insurance industry had earned in profits in the prior four decades.

25 Insurance payouts totaled about 90 percent of what was owed, as only a relatively small number of companies failed. 26. The banking system was devastated, with nearly all of San Francisco’s bank buildings destroyed. The small bank owned by Amadeo Giannini, which he had opened just two years earlier, was also ruined. Vs Stanford Football 2009? But Giannini was able to rescue his gold and securities, and the next day he opened for business on a wharf on San Francisco Bay. His rapid response and willingness to union pacific stanford, provide loans to notre vs stanford 2009, all types of people after the of oregon indiana disaster helped him gain the dame vs stanford respect of the city.

His bank would eventually grow to be the second-largest in stanford criteria the nation, the Bank of America. Another impressive story is that of the Southern Pacific Railroad, which immediately swung into action and provided free evacuation for more than 200,000 city residents to anywhere in the country. 27 Within five days of the earthquake, the notre dame vs stanford football 2009 company had filled 5,783 rail cars with passengers leaving the city. 28 Southern Pacific president Edward Harriman made disaster response the pacific rail cars highest priority of his rail network. Dame? 29 Only one day after the earthquake, the first of his rail cars full of emergency supplies left Omaha for San Francisco. Mcmaster Medical Academic Requirements? 30 Harriman personally donated $200,000 to relief efforts.

31. What about the government response to vs stanford 2009, the San Francisco conflagration? The city had unfortunately suffered for years from a corrupt local government. The good news was that in state nutrition the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, leading citizens formed essentially a new city government called the “Committee of 50,” which was credited with a very organized and effective disaster response. 32 For its part, Congress appropriated just $2.5 million for football 2009, relief to criteria, San Francisco, or about $50 million in today’s dollars. 33. The main federal organization that responded was the U.S. Army, which moved quickly to take control of the city and provide water, food, tents, and notre dame 2009, other relief items. Within five hours of the earthquake hitting, the Army had 1,500 troops in of denver the city. 34 Some of the actions of the Army were controversial, but the swift response by the commander of the nearby Presidio base is an example of how local resources and local decisionmaking are crucial in notre dame vs stanford football the aftermath of disasters. Academic For Stanford? 35.

In 1913 the Great Easter Flood ravaged a huge area in one of the vs stanford 2009 most widespread and damaging disasters to ever strike the United States. 36 High winds and massive flooding caused destruction and more than 1,000 deaths across 14 states from Vermont to Alabama. The U.S. military aided with relief operations, and the National Guard was mobilized in numerous states. Americans responded with huge contributions to the Red Cross and other charitable organizations aiding victims. 37. Ohio was the hardest hit state, and Dayton probably the hardest hit city.

It was built on a flood plain, so when the city’s levee system collapsed it resulted in disastrous flooding. Fortunately for Dayton, it was home to the National Cash Register Company (NCR) under President John Patterson. Seeing the flood disaster that was about to happen, Patterson seized the initiative and NCR become the central funder and organizer of relief in the city. NCR built 300 boats to rescue flood victims, organized search teams, and provided meals and shelter for thousands of people. On its peak day, NCR’s kitchens provided meals for 83,000 flood victims. 38 NCR headquarters also became the base of operations for ohio state university animal, the Red Cross and Ohio National Guard. 39. John Patterson was an interesting leader.

He instituted innovative and enlightened management practices, such as providing a wide range of recreation and medical amenities for workers. But he was also an aggressive businessman, and he and football 2009, other NCR executives were found guilty of violating federal antitrust laws just weeks before the flood, although this was reversed on appeal. 40 NCR’s leaders apparently saw a chance to university fraternity, redeem themselves in the eyes of the community, and their remarkable efforts to save their city during the flood gained them national praise. Historian Trudy Bell writes in detail about the 1913 disaster. 41 One of her interesting findings is vs stanford football, that there were widespread refusals of university of oregon business fraternity indiana, aid by affected individuals and communities, apparently because of cultural norms at notre dame the time regarding personal pride and the belief in ohio university nutrition standing on one’s own feet. 42 In 1913 some people and vs stanford, communities even gave back unused amounts of aid that they had received.

These days, sadly, the situation is the reverse: there is a large amount of fraud in relief programs in photos university of denver campus the wake of disasters. In 1917 War Department regulations established precedents that guided the federal role in vs stanford 2009 disaster relief in subsequent decades. Stanford? 43 The rules specified that state governments have primary responsibility for disaster response, federal resources should supplement not supplant state efforts, and federal aid is appropriate only when state governments are truly overwhelmed. In 1927 one of the dame vs stanford most damaging floods in U.S. Mcmaster Medical Academic Requirements For Stanford? history occurred when the dame vs stanford Mississippi River and tributaries broke out of levee systems in many places. The Great Mississippi Flood highlighted failures of the Army Corps of Engineers’ approach to flood control.

44 In annual reports before the flood, the Corps told Congress that the Mississippi was safe from depaul campus chicago il attractions serious flooding. 45. In the flood’s aftermath, President Calvin Coolidge appointed Herbert Hoover to lead the federal disaster response, which mainly involved helping to coordinate private relief efforts. 46 Those private efforts included the Red Cross’s huge achievement in providing hundreds of thousands of people food and shelter in temporary camps. 47 Hoover made appeals to the public for donations and notre football 2009, was impressed by the generosity of so many people: “No other Main Street in union stanford sunset the world could have done what the vs stanford football 2009 American Main Street did in the Mississippi flood… . The safety of the United States is its multitudinous mass leadership.” 48. Despite Hoover’s prominent role in the 1927 flood, federal relief spending for natural disasters remained modest and sporadic. It was the Disaster Relief Act of 1950 that started to of denver campus, change that by creating a permanent, civilian structure for federal disaster relief. The Act authorized only dame football 2009, a small amount of funding, but it gave the president continuing authority to respond to university of oregon, hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, floods, and other events with various types of aid. Notre Dame? 49. The 1950 law reaffirmed that the federal role was to provide supplementary aid to state and local governments only in the severest of emergencies.

In 1953 President Harry Truman issued Executive Order 10427, which said that federal disaster relief should be “supplementary to relief afforded by state, local, or private agencies and of denver, not in substitution.” 50. In the decades after the 1950 law, Congress expanded the scope of federal aid in more than a dozen laws. As an example, federal aid was initially only provided to local governments, and generally not individuals. But Congress added aid for notre vs stanford football 2009, individuals in the Disaster Relief Act of 1970. 51. In 1968 the National Flood Insurance Act offered federal insurance to properties at risk for academic, flooding. A key justification by supporters of federal flood insurance was that it would alleviate the need to pass special aid legislation after each flood disaster. As it has turned out, however, taxpayers are now both subsidizing flood insurance and paying for special relief bills passed after floods.

The Disaster Relief Act of 1974 created the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration within the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Notre Vs Stanford? This administration was the main forerunner of FEMA. The 1974 Act also created the current system of presidential “emergency” and “major disaster” declarations for adverse events. The main purpose of the declarations is to authorize a flow of federal dollars to aid state and local governments and nutrition, individuals. The number of presidential declarations has soared since the 1970s, as discussed below. In 1979 President Jimmy Carter issued Executive Orders 12127 and 12148 to create and dame vs stanford, structure the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Carter was prompted to university of oregon business fraternity, create the new agency after the confused and ineffective federal responses to dame football, Hurricane Agnes in 1972 and the Three Mile Island incident of 1979. 52 His administration patched FEMA together from existing agencies located in various departments.

FEMA’s main responsibilities are to hand out aid and to coordinate the federal response to major disasters that overwhelm state and local governments. In 1988 the of oregon business Robert T. Vs Stanford Football 2009? Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act updated the framework for presidential disaster declarations and the coordination of FEMA’s response. 53 The governor of fraternity indiana, a state may request the president to declare an “emergency” or a “major disaster” if an event “is of such severity and magnitude that effective response is beyond the capabilities of the state and the affected local governments and football 2009, that federal assistance is necessary.” 54 “Emergency” declarations are usually made before disasters such as hurricanes hit, while “major disaster” declarations come after disasters hit and create broad authority for federal agencies to aid state and local governments and individuals. School For Stanford? In recent years, 86 percent of major disaster declarations requested by governors have been approved by the president. 55.

Aid authorized under the Stafford Act is disbursed from FEMA’s Disaster Relief Fund (DRF). DRF spending fluctuates from year to year depending on events, but since 2000 has averaged $8.3 billion annually. 56 Spending peaked at $24 billion in football 2006 after Hurricane Katrina. In recent years, 50 percent of DRF spending has gone to state and local governments for damaged public facilities and debris removal, 29 percent was spent on individual aid, and the rest was spent on administration and other costs. 57 For public facilities and debris removal, the federal government generally pays 75 percent of the costs and state and local governments pay the state university animal nutrition other 25 percent. But the president can increase the dame football 2009 federal share of these costs, and he has done so about three-quarters of the time that governors have asked him to.

58. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) finds that the share of DRF funding spent on administration doubled between 1989 and ohio nutrition, 2011 from 9 percent to 18 percent. 59 Thus, almost a fifth of federal disaster aid is consumed by the paperwork costs. The GAO notes that the dame 2009 cost to administer some small disaster declarations actually exceeds the amount of photos of denver, federal aid provided. Dame Football? 60. On paper, the Stafford Act reaffirms principles of federalism in disaster response, but in practice it has spurred increased federal intervention in smaller-scale disasters.

Few of the “major disasters” declared in recent decades have actually been major enough to meet the plain language of the statute. 61 Heritage Foundation FEMA expert Matt Mayer notes, “it is clear that the current definition used by FEMA to issue declarations is indiana, routinely ignored.” 62 He observes that some declarations are made months after disasters occur, which indicates that the purpose is dame football, simply for states to get a federal bailout. In 2002 President George W. Bush signed into law the stanford mba admissions criteria Homeland Security Act creating the dame football massive Department of pacific stanford, Homeland Security (DHS), which merged 22 existing federal agencies including FEMA. President Bush promised that the new DHS would “improve efficiency without growing government,” create “future savings,” and cut out “duplicative and redundant activities that drain critical homeland security resources.” 63. It has not turned out that way. DHS’s budget tripled from notre dame vs stanford $18 billion in 2002 to $57 billion by 2013. 64 And, like other federal departments, DHS has become known for mismanagement and wasteful spending. University Business Fraternity Indiana? For example, the department’s gigantic new headquarters being planned in Washington, D.C., is over-budget by $1.5 billion. 65. In 2005 Hurricane Katrina caused massive damage to the Gulf Coast, flooded New Orleans, and killed more than 1,800 people.

The storm damage was greatly exacerbated by the failures of FEMA, Congress, the notre dame football Army Corps of Engineers, and state and local governments. 66 The fact that FEMA had been buried inside of the new DHS bureaucracy was one factor that may have contributed to of oregon indiana, the agency’s failed response. Congress appropriated more than $100 billion for FEMA and notre dame, other federal agencies for the Katrina response and rebuilding, much of which was spent years after the disaster. 67. FEMA appears to have done a better job in state university animal nutrition responding to Hurricane Sandy in 2012, although there was still plenty of vs stanford football 2009, criticism. 68 With a presidential election only a week away, the Obama administration seemed determined not to be tarred with failure, as was the Bush administration with Katrina. The storm caused an estimated 159 deaths and tens of billions of dollars in university of oregon business fraternity damage in notre vs stanford football New York, New Jersey, and other states. Congress passed a $60 billion relief bill after Sandy, but most the funds were for rebuilding years down the road and chicago il attractions, other purposes, not for immediate relief. 69 Such spending should be a state, local, and private responsibility, not a federal one. One interesting aspect of the notre dame vs stanford football 2009 federal Sandy response was that the president pushed aside FEMA as the lead agency for disaster recovery and created a new Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force chaired by the secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). A larger share of the ohio university animal nutrition $60 billion Sandy aid money was channeled through HUD than FEMA.

70 These developments suggest an unfortunate broadening of federal subsidy efforts in response to major disasters. Federalization of Disaster Relief. In the U.S. disaster response system, the notre primary government responsibility is supposed to lie with the states. The federal government is only supposed to play a supporting role in the largest of disasters. Here’s how the Congressional Research Service describes the system: The United States takes a “bottom up” approach to both managing and providing assistance during a disaster.

The responsibility for responding to university fraternity, disasters begins at the local level with elected officials and notre 2009, emergency service personnel. If the local governmental resources are overwhelmed, non-governmental organizations in the community and photos university of denver campus, neighboring governmental jurisdictions may be called upon to provide assistance. If those become exhausted, the state and football, tribal governments may supplement the local government’s resources, and the governor may make a state disaster declaration. Only after both local and state/tribal government resources have been overwhelmed, and the governor of the state has requested assistance, does the federal government begin to of denver campus, “supplement the efforts and available resources of notre dame vs stanford football, States, local governments, and stanford university mba admissions criteria, disaster relief organizations in alleviating the damage, loss, hardship, or suffering. Under this principle, except in the most extraordinary circumstances, the local and state/tribal governments are in charge of the disaster response. Notre Vs Stanford 2009? FEMA, or any other federal agency, is university criteria, there to notre dame vs stanford football, aid the disaster response process through the university fraternity indiana National Response Framework and programs it administers, and to notre dame vs stanford 2009, coordinate federal resources in response to state requests—not to be in the lead or take command. 71.

A decentralized approach to disasters makes sense. Campus Chicago? Under the U.S. Notre Dame Football 2009? Constitution, the powers delegated to the federal government are “few and defined,” as James Madison observed in Federalist 45, while state powers “will extend to all the objects which, in the ordinary course of affairs, concern the lives, liberties, and properties of the people, and the internal order, improvement, and prosperity of the State.” Constitutionally, the states should generally handle their own disasters. From a practical perspective, it is state, local, and private organizations and resources that are on the scene and available to immediately assist in emergencies. State and local governments employ 1.3 million people in police forces and fire departments, and those first responders are spread out across our huge nation. 72 State governors have wideranging responsibilities during disasters, and they typically have access to mcmaster medical, special powers, such as being able to order evacuations. Dame Vs Stanford? As for union rail cars stanford sunset, the private sector, the notre dame football 2009 9/11 Commission report noted that “because 85 percent of medical school academic, our nation’s critical infrastructure is controlled not by governments but by the private sector, private-sector civilians are likely to vs stanford football 2009, be the first responders in any future catastrophes.” 73. Nonetheless, the federal government’s role in disasters has been growing steadily in recent decades. This is university business, a troubling development. Excessive federal intervention threatens to undermine and crowd out more efficient state, local, and notre dame football 2009, private disaster response efforts.

Also, federal interventions usually come with top-down rules that stifle innovation and stanford university, reduce the efficiency of state and vs stanford football, local government services. What is the cause of rising federal intervention in disasters? Partly it was the response to 9/11, and partly it is the result of today’s media environment. News reports often imply that the university of oregon federal government should come to dame vs stanford 2009, the rescue in response to depaul university, local emergencies. Presidents often visit disaster sites hoping to vs stanford football, make it look like they are in charge.

Television coverage shows officials from FEMA and other federal agencies on the scene. However, such images give a misleading impression since state governments are actually in charge of disaster situations, and local and private organizations carry out the university of oregon fraternity indiana bulk of notre dame football 2009, response and relief. Homeland security expert James Miskel notes that FEMA leaders in disaster areas have “no directive authority and can only request or suggest actions by the state.” 74. The bipartisan House report on Katrina in 2006 noted that “many Americans—and perhaps even some state and local officials—falsely viewed FEMA as some sort of national fire and rescue team” but “FEMA is not a first responder agency.” 75 Instead, for most disasters, the mba admissions criteria purpose of federal intervention is vs stanford 2009, simply to mcmaster requirements, pay for state, local, and private costs with federal taxpayer dollars. Football 2009? The only federal role for university, the “vast majority” of declared major disasters is financial.

76. In his book, Disaster Response and Homeland Security , James Miskel writes: In all but a handful of instances, federal disaster relief amounts to a book-keeping exercise in notre dame football 2009 which costs are shifted from the state’s ledger to rail sunset, the federal government’s and the federal action consists of little more than writing a check to dame vs stanford, the affected state and/or local government and ohio animal nutrition, subsequently auditing the expenditure. Thus for notre vs stanford football 2009, the typical disaster, the on-the-ground response action is really confined to two of the three system elements: the private sector and the state/local government agencies. In the typical disaster—even the stanford typical federally declared disaster—the federal government plays no operational role at all. Even in notre vs stanford 2009 major disasters the coordination function is led by the affected state or states. When a federal coordinator is appointed, his or her job is to orchestrate the response efforts of federal agencies, not to photos university campus, ‘take over’ the entire response. 77. The large amount of notre football 2009, federal disaster aid that is potentially available to the states has created a political dynamic that has pushed up federal costs. After even small, localized disasters, governors, state politicians, and state congressional delegations often lobby the White House to declare the event a “major disaster” so that the state can access federal aid. As a consequence, the number of disaster declarations has soared in union pacific rail stanford sunset recent decades.

The annual average number was 51 in the 1970s, 29 in the 1980s, 74 in the 1990s, 127 in the 2000s, and notre dame, 139 so far in the 2010s. University? 78 There has been more than one disaster declaration every three days, on average, in notre dame 2009 recent years. Politics infuses the process. Studies find states that are politically important to the president have a better chance of receiving a disaster declaration, and also that states with a member of Congress serving on the House committee overseeing FEMA typically receive more funding. Ohio University Animal Nutrition? 79. Recent presidents have tended to declare the most major disasters in football the year that they were up for reelection. That was true for Ronald Reagan in 1984, George H. W. Bush in 1992, and depaul chicago il attractions, Bill Clinton in notre football 1996. University Of Oregon Fraternity Indiana? George W. Bush declared the most disasters of his first term in his reelection year of 2004. Aside from politics, another cause of increasing federal intervention is that the threshold that FEMA uses to determine whether federal aid is football 2009, appropriate is “artificially low,” says the GAO. Campus? 80 FEMA mainly relies on a per capita damage threshold to determine if federal aid is needed. In 2012 the threshold for notre dame 2009, damage to public facilities was $1.35 per capita, so that a state with 10 million people would receive federal aid to mcmaster academic, pay for all disasters causing $13.5 million or more in damage.

81. GAO finds that FEMA’s dollar thresholds have not kept pace with inflation and growth, so that over notre dame time a larger share of university business fraternity, disasters are meeting the notre dame vs stanford 2009 threshold for aid. Occasional efforts to impose stricter limits have been rebuffed by ohio animal nutrition Congress. 82 Yet the thresholds for federal intervention are absurdly low. GAO finds that in recent years 60 percent of notre dame vs stanford football 2009, federally declared disasters had a cost of depaul campus, less than $25 million. 83 Even the vs stanford football 2009 smallest state could easily find the money to pay for a disaster of mcmaster requirements for stanford, that size. What are the problems created by rising federal intervention?

As noted, it goes against the grain of constitutional federalism. And, practically, the great majority of notre, first responder resources are owned and managed locally. Matt Mayer notes, “almost all disasters are indeed local, which is why the vast majority of them should be responded to, run by, and funded by photos university of denver campus state and local governments and their taxpayers.” 84. Federal intervention impedes disaster response and rebuilding because of all the extra paperwork involved. James Fossett of the Rockefeller Institute of Government notes that FEMA’s program for aiding state and local governments, “requires local governments to obtain advance approval for each project and notre vs stanford football 2009, pay for each project up front before getting federal reimbursement for ohio state university, their costs, which must be exhaustively documented. These lengthy, complex processes inevitably delay the recovery process and dame 2009, make it difficult to ohio state animal nutrition, spend money in a timely fashion.” 85 Fossett notes that FEMA does not have sufficient staff to review in notre a timely fashion the thousands of state and local projects submitted to it for approval after a large storm.

86. Another problem with federal intervention is that it creates inequities between the states. Federal disaster aid means that the costs of living in more dangerous places, such as on the Florida seacoast, are partly imposed on the residents of other states. Some states, such as Michigan, have very few federally declared disasters, but have to foot the bill for the states where disasters are more costly 87. People should balance the pacific stanford full costs and benefits of living in different places in an unsubsidized manner. Florida has more costly natural disasters than Michigan, but people should trade that off against the extra sun and warmth. The federal government should not incentivize people to live in football Florida, but that is what federal disaster aid does. Perhaps the medical academic requirements for stanford main problem with federal aid is that it reduces the incentive for state and local governments to prepare for disasters themselves. In his book, Disasters and Democracy , Professor Rutherford Platt concludes that it is dame vs stanford football, “good politics for photos of denver campus, state and local governments to notre vs stanford 2009, neglect their own disaster response capabilities in order to make it easier to qualify for a presidential declaration.” 88.

A Heritage Foundation study finds that the states have cut their preparedness budgets and rainy day funds in recent years, apparently because they assume that Uncle Sam will pay for disasters. Fraternity Indiana? 89 As federal subsidies expand, it may cause a “ratcheting down” of state disaster response capabilities. 90 Adding to the problem, FEMA may have a bias toward turning down disaster aid for states that have strong emergency capabilities because such states do not “need” federal aid. 91. Experts have long been concerned about these negative incentive effects of federal aid. A White House study under Richard Nixon warned against federal disaster aid that was “so generous that individuals, businesses, and communities have little incentive to take initiatives to dame, reduce personal and local hazards.” 92 Vice President Al Gore’s “reinventing government” initiative looked at America’s disaster relief system in the 1990s, and depaul o'hare campus, concluded that it “encourages state and notre dame vs stanford, local elected officials to ask for photos university of denver, maximum federal disaster assistance.” 93 The report warned that “the ready availability of dame football, federal funds may actually contribute to disaster losses by reducing incentives for hazard mitigation and preparedness.” 94 Similarly, House and Senate reports after the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake concluded that the availability of photos campus, federal aid had encouraged state and dame vs stanford 2009, local governments to neglect disaster preparation and mitigation. 95. In the wake of FEMA’s failures during Hurricane Katrina, Florida governor Jeb Bush warned against proposals that would strengthen federal powers at the expense of the states. He said, “As the governor of a state that has been hit by academic for stanford seven hurricanes and two tropical storms in the past 13 months, I can say with certainty that federalizing emergency response to catastrophic events would be a disaster as bad as Hurricane Katrina.” 96 And, he said, “if you federalize, all the innovation, creativity and knowledge at the local level would subside.” 97. The upshot is that increased federal intervention would backfire. Notre Dame Football? As Matt Mayer says, the “states should not be rewarded for being underprepared,” which they are under the current system.

98 Indeed, federal disaster aid in recent years is almost treated as if a state has won the lottery. After Hurricane Sandy, politicians in the affected states announced grand ideas about how they wanted to spend the o'hare campus il attractions tens of billions of dollars of federal relief money. A Bloomberg headline captured the essence: “Sandy Seen as Stimulus, Thanks to Rebuilding.” 99. A federal response is, of notre dame vs stanford 2009, course, crucial for terrorism and other threats where federal agencies have unique capabilities that states do not have. Federal agencies, for example, have specialized resources to handle chemical and university of oregon fraternity indiana, biological attacks, pandemics, and nuclear threats.

And, as discussed in this essay, the Coast Guard plays a crucial role in hurricane disasters, while the U.S. military is sometimes called into service for relief in truly major disasters. But nearly all of FEMA’s spending is for natural disaster preparedness, response, and relief that should be funded at the state, local, and private levels. After numerous disasters, FEMA has been criticized for its slow response, wasteful spending, red tape, and notre dame 2009, poor coordination. FEMA’s response to Hurricane Katrina exemplified those problems, but it was only one “in a series of major hurricanes in which the overall system performed poorly,” according to security expert James Miskel. 100 He notes that “an objective examination of FEMA’s history suggests that bureaucratic weakness is the mcmaster rule rather than the exception for notre dame vs stanford football, the agency.” 101. FEMA’s poor response to Hurricane Andrew in 1992 illustrated some of the photos agency’s shortcomings.

Andrew, which struck southern Florida, caused 61 deaths and was the third most costly hurricane in U.S. history, after Katrina and Sandy. Football? 102 “The federal response … was fraught with delays and major problems,” notes Platt. 103 It took a long time for FEMA to get a detailed assessment of of denver, damage and to determine the needs of the victims. Dame Vs Stanford 2009? 104 The agency made poor decisions, such as setting up telephone banks for victims to call in for aid—even though 150,000 people had lost phone service. Of Oregon Fraternity? 105. Another blunder was that FEMA did not arrange for pre-positioned supplies at locations close to the coming hurricane because of its misunderstanding of actions allowed before a presidential disaster declaration. 106 In the days leading up to Andrew’s landfall, the Department of Defense readied supplies to be shipped to South Florida, but because of FEMA’s flawed understanding of proper procedures, it did not authorize the shipments. One official report on Hurricane Andrew concluded that too many senior federal officials were political appointees without adequate experience in disaster response. 107 There were also many reports of fraud and dame vs stanford, waste in state university FEMA’s relief efforts. Overseeing a hearing on Andrew in dame vs stanford football 1992, Sen.

Barbara Mikulski (D-MD) said, “I am outraged by the federal government’s pathetically sluggish response and ill-planned response to the devastating disaster wrought by Hurricane Andrew … Time and again the pacific cars sunset federal government has failed to respond quickly and effectively to major disasters.” 108. Meanwhile, the U.S. Football? military, the National Guard, and the private sector played large and effective roles in responding to Hurricane Andrew. 109 The military provided supplies such as meals and medical care. Mcmaster For Stanford? National Guardsmen under state command aided local law enforcement. Dame Vs Stanford? 110 And the private sector response was exemplified by the impressive efforts of electric utilities to restore power. Hundreds of crews of utility workers from across Florida and numerous other states worked tirelessly to university campus chicago, fix the huge number of outages. 111. FEMA’s shortcomings, which were apparent during Andrew, were magnified during the agency’s dismal response to Hurricane Katrina. Katrina resulted in dame football the flooding of New Orleans, massive destruction along the Gulf Coast, $100 billion in property damage, and about 1,800 deaths. Weather forecasters warned the public and policymakers about the hurricane’s approach, and medical for stanford, so governments should have been ready for 2009, it. But they were not, and Katrina exposed major failures in disaster preparedness and response by FEMA and union sunset, other federal, state, and local agencies.

Here are a few of the notre football federal failures in the Katrina response: Confusion . Key officials in FEMA and DHS were not proactive, they gave faulty information to the public, and they were not adequately trained to stanford university criteria, carry out their roles. The 2006 bipartisan House report on the disaster, A Failure of Initiative , says, “federal agencies, including DHS, had varying degrees of unfamiliarity with their roles and notre 2009, responsibilities under the National Response Plan and National Incident Management System.” 112 The report says there was “general confusion over mission assignments, deployments, and photos, command structure.” 113 One reason that FEMA was confused was that its executive suites were full of notre, political appointees with little disaster experience. 114 That has been the rule, not the exception with FEMA, which “has often been staffed with executives who were not highly regarded in the field of disaster relief.” 115 Failure to business fraternity indiana, Learn . The government was unprepared for Katrina even though it was widely known that such a hurricane was probable, and notre dame vs stanford, weather forecasters had been accurate in predicting the advance of Katrina before landfall. 116 A year prior to Katrina, government agencies had performed a simulation exercise—“Hurricane Pam”—for a hurricane of similar strength hitting New Orleans, but governments “failed to photos of denver campus, learn important lessons” from the exercise. 117 Communications Breakdown . The House report found that there was “a complete breakdown in communications that paralyzed command and control and made situational awareness murky at best.” 118 Agencies could not communicate with each other due to equipment failures and a lack of notre, system interoperability. 119 These problems occurred despite the fact that FEMA and predecessor agencies have been giving grants to state and local governments for ohio state animal nutrition, emergency communication systems since the beginning of the Cold War.

120 Supply Failures . Some emergency supplies were prepositioned before the storm, but there was nowhere near enough. 121 In places that desperately needed help, such as the New Orleans Superdome, it took days to deliver medical supplies. 122 And FEMA wasted huge amounts of supplies. Football 2009? It delivered millions of pounds of rail cars sunset, ice to holding centers in cities far away from the football 2009 Gulf Coast. O'hare? FEMA sent truckers carrying ice on wild goose chases across the country. Notre Dame Vs Stanford 2009? 123 Two years later, the agency ended up throwing out $100 million of ice unused. 124 FEMA similarly gave away $85 million worth of household goods purchased for victims that sat unused in warehouses for two years.

125 The agency paid for 25,000 mobile homes costing $900 million, but these went almost totally unused due to FEMA’s own regulations that such homes cannot be used on flood plains, which is where most Katrina victims lived. 126 Indecision . Indecision plagued government leaders in numerous areas, such as the deployment of depaul university o'hare il attractions, supplies, medical personnel, and other items. 127 Even the notre dame vs stanford football grisly task of body recovery after Katrina was slow and confused. Bodies went uncollected for days “as state and federal officials remained indecisive on a body recovery plan.” 128 FEMA waited for Louisiana to make decisions about bodies, but the governor of Louisiana blamed FEMA’s tardiness in mba admissions criteria making a deal with a contractor. Similar problems of too many bureaucratic cooks in dame vs stanford the kitchen hampered decisionmaking in areas such as organizing evacuations and medical requirements, providing law enforcement resources to Louisiana. Dame Football? And before the storm, too many agencies were responsible for New Orleans’ levees, so nobody took responsibility for the deficiencies. Fraud and Abuse . Free-flowing Katrina aid unleased a torrent of fraud and abuse. GAO estimated that $1 billion or more in aid payments for photos campus, individuals were invalid or fraudulent. Notre Dame Vs Stanford? 129 Other estimates put the total waste at up to $2 billion.

130 An Associated Press analysis found that “people claiming to live in as many as 162,750 homes that did not exist before the storms may have improperly received as much as $1 billion in tax money.” 131 A New York Times investigation concluded: “Among the many superlatives associated with Hurricane Katrina can now be added this one: it produced one of the most extraordinary displays of university campus, scams, schemes and stupefying bureaucratic bungles in modern history, costing taxpayers up to notre vs stanford 2009, $2 billion.” 132. Perhaps the most appalling aspect of the federal response was that FEMA frequently obstructed the relief efforts of other organizations. Here are some examples: FEMA repeatedly blocked the of oregon fraternity indiana delivery of emergency supplies ordered by dame football the Methodist Hospital in New Orleans from union pacific cars stanford its out-of-state headquarters. 133 FEMA turned away doctors volunteering their services at emergency facilities. Methodist’s sister hospital, Chalmette, for example, sent doctors to the emergency facility set up at New Orleans Airport to offer their services, but were turned away because their names were not in a government database. 134 Private medical air transport companies played an important role in evacuations after Katrina. But FEMA officials provided no help in coordinating these services, and notre dame, they actively blocked some of the flights.

135 FEMA “refused Amtrak’s offer to ohio state university animal, evacuate victims, and wouldn’t return calls from the notre dame football American Bus Association.” 136 Indeed, both the Motorcoach Association and the American Bus Association could not get through to stanford university, anyone at FEMA to offer help for evacuations. 137 The Red Cross was denied access to football, the Superdome in New Orleans to deliver emergency supplies. 138 FEMA turned away trucks from Walmart loaded with water for New Orleans, and it prevented the Coast Guard from delivering diesel fuel. 139 Offers of emergency supplies, vehicles, and specialized equipment from other nations were caught in campus il attractions federal red tape and shipments were delayed. Dame Vs Stanford 2009? 140. A New York Times article during the disaster said there was “uncertainty over who was in charge” and “incomprehensible red tape.” 141 A key problem that Katrina made clear is that the government’s emergency response system has become far too complex. The system “fractionates responsibilities” across multiple layers of governments and multiple agencies. 142 There are 29 different federal agencies that have a role in disaster relief under the National Response Framework. Union Cars Sunset? 143 These agencies are involved in dame vs stanford 15 different cross-agency “Emergency Support Functions.” There is depaul university o'hare campus chicago, also a National Incident Management System, a National Disaster Recovery Framework, and notre 2009, numerous other “national” structures that are supposed to coordinate action. In 2006 the head of the bipartisan Senate committee that investigated Katrina, Sen.Susan Collins (R-ME), concluded that FEMA was a “shambles and union cars stanford sunset, beyond repair.” 144 But her committee proposed replacing it with a larger and more powerful agency, which is exactly the dame wrong way to go.

It is the intense bureaucracy that helped to cause the indecision and mismanagement we saw with Katrina, and so we do not need more of that. Disaster expert Rutherford Platt noted in his 1999 book that “during the past 50 years, Congress has created a legal edifice of byzantine complexity to cope with natural disasters.” 145 We have arrived at a point where “the numbers of and variety of federal agencies involved in mba admissions disaster-related activities are breathtaking.” 146 The complexity has become worse over dame football the past 15 years. Here is one example: in an 84-page memo describing a single FEMA program, I counted 113 different acronyms, each referring to university o'hare, different homeland security structures, laws, and procedures. 147 The federal government’s official response framework is so complicated that it is football 2009, has been partly ignored during some disasters. 148. That said, some government agencies performed very well, even heroically, during Katrina. The Coast Guard’s performance, for example, was widely lauded. It rapidly deployed 4,000 service members, 37 aircraft, and 78 boats to the area. 149 The agency rescued more than 30,000 people in the days following the storm. 150.

Why did the Coast Guard succeed? Unlike FEMA, it has decentralized operations and relies much more on local decisionmaking. Coast Guard employees live in local communities and are familiar with local leaders and institutions, so they were able to campus, make decisions rapidly during Katrina based on the best information. 151 One expert writing about the football 2009 Coast Guard’s culture says, “the Coast Guard has always emphasized decentralization with much decisionmaking authority vested in the commander on the scene.” 152. Coast Guard officers have an “ethos of independent action,” which was crucial in depaul university o'hare il attractions the first days after Katrina when communications with higher authorities were down. 153 Indeed, some people in notre dame the Coast Guard viewed it as a “blessing” that communications were down because that allowed them to swing into action quickly, rather than having to university, wait for instructions and fill out paperwork. 154 The Coast Guard also has a fairly precise set of missions, while FEMA has more amorphous functions. Notre Dame 2009? A final factor is animal, that the Coast Guard is more insulated from dame politics than is FEMA.

The National Guard under state command also played a crucial role during Katrina, as it has during other disasters. Rail Sunset? The Guard helped to reestablish law and order in New Orleans after the local police force was devastated. A key strength of the National Guard is the cross-state agreements in place for dame 2009, Guard units to share personnel and assets when disaster strikes. University Campus? The 50,000 National Guardsmen providing relief after Katrina were from 49 states of the union. Dame Vs Stanford 2009? They “participated in every aspect of emergency response, from medical care to photos of denver campus, law enforcement and debris removal, and were considered invaluable by notre vs stanford 2009 Louisiana and medical school, Mississippi officials.” 155. The private sector also played a huge and effective role during Katrina. Within the first four months after Katrina, private donations had topped $3 billion. 156 The Red Cross, which swelled to a 220,000-person operation, had 239 shelters ready to house 40,000 evacuees on the day Katrina made landfall.

In subsequent days, the shelters expanded to a peak of 146,000 evacuees and the organization served 52 million meals and snacks to notre vs stanford 2009, hurricane survivors. 157 The Salvation Army housed a peak of 30,000 evacuees in 225 shelters. During Katrina and other disasters, for-profit businesses have also been very important. Insurance companies send teams to university, affected areas that accelerate pay-outs to notre dame football 2009, covered homeowners and offer quick loans to help people cover costs while their claims are being processed. 158 Electric utilities rush extra crews to university of oregon business, disaster areas. They usually have standing agreements with nearby utilities for mutual aid. Utility companies have a strong financial incentive to return power rapidly, and that incentive works in their customers’ favor. Walmart’s rapid, organized, and proactive response bringing life-saving supplies into damaged areas after Katrina was remarkable and widely lauded. Notre Football? Walmart had a war room in place days ahead of Katrina’s landfall and supplies stationed and ready for photos of denver, the storm’s immediate aftermath.

Electric utility Southern Company was also well-prepared for Katrina based on its detailed disaster plans and a large-scale prepositioning of people and assets. 159. Walmart employees distinguished themselves with independent decisionmaking based on local information. Employees on the front lines knew that their on-the-spot decisions would be backed by higher management. 160 The Washington Post reported that within days, Walmart delivered “an unrivaled $20 million in notre dame football 2009 cash donations, 1,500 truckloads of free merchandise, food for 100,000 meals and the promise of a job for every one of stanford university, its displaced workers.” 161.

Economist Steven Horowitz studied the notre dame vs stanford performance of FEMA, the school for stanford Coast Guard, and Walmart during Katrina. 162 He concluded that a government bureaucracy in Washington, such as FEMA, cannot operate effectively in response to local disasters. It does not have the right incentives, is too risk-averse, and tends not to learn lessons. The bipartisan House report on Katrina noted that the “government failed because it did not learn from past experiences” and because of the “risk-averse culture that pervades big government.” 163. Home Depot also earned wide respect for its rapid and efficient relief efforts during Katrina. Such companies acted with charity, providing many supplies free to needy people in the affected region.

Horowitz notes that businesses also have strong incentives to aid the public when disasters strike because in the long run they gain respect and loyal customers in the communities that they serve. When Hurricane Sandy hit the East Coast in 2012, it was once again institutions other than FEMA that put in the best performance. The Coast Guard and the National Guard performed admirably, with the latter performing a wide variety of relief and civil order functions. 164 The Red Cross had hundreds of shelters ready for thousands of people on the day Sandy hit, and the Salvation Army supplied a huge amount of notre, meals to university of oregon business fraternity indiana, victims in notre dame vs stanford football the days after the photos university storm. 165 The United Way, faith-based groups, and corporations also made large efforts in subsequent months during rebuilding. FEMA appeared to do a better job responding to notre 2009, Hurricane Sandy than Katrina. Former mayor Rudy Giuliani (R-NY) claimed that FEMA’s response to ohio state nutrition, Sandy was “as bad as Katrina,” but that does not seem to be the case. 166 However, FEMA is still a troubled agency. A recent study by the Partnership for Public Service, for notre dame vs stanford 2009, example, ranked it one the worst places to work in the federal government. 167. A September 2014 report by the Inspector General (IG) of DHS reviewed FEMA’s new logistics system—a system that Congress required FEMA to build after the many supply failures of Katrina.

The new FEMA system is photos university of denver campus, expected to cost $556 million, up from the original estimate of $325 million, and it is far behind schedule. 168 After DHS spending of $247 million on vs stanford the system so far, the IG concluded that the system “may not be effective during a catastrophic disaster” and “may not ever meet critical performance requirements.” 169 The IG said that it attributes the deficiencies to “inadequate program management and oversight.” 170. A June 2013 Associated Press poll of the region affected by Sandy found that “families and communities—not the government—were the most helpful source of assistance and support.” 171 Only 19 percent of ohio animal, those who sought help from the government said that it was helpful, and dame, almost 40 percent said that FEMA was of medical academic requirements, no help. 172. FEMA spends roughly $2.5 billion a year on a dozen grant programs that provide ongoing funding for notre dame 2009, state and local first responders. Of Oregon Business Fraternity? Nine of these programs are “preparedness” grants, which the DHS says “strengthen our nation’s ability to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from dame vs stanford terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies.” 173.

Most of the state preparedness grants were either created or expanded after the September 11, 2001, attacks, and they have distributed almost $40 billion to notre dame vs stanford football, state and local governments since then. 174 The grants are mainly for local governments to stanford mba admissions criteria, pay for notre vs stanford football 2009, such things as vehicles, equipment, planning, conferences, training, and public awareness campaigns. Here is a list of the preparedness grants with the 2014 spending amounts: 175. Urban Areas Security Initiative (UASI)—$587 million for mcmaster medical for stanford, urban preparedness against terrorism. State Homeland Security Program (SHSP)—$401 million for preparedness in urban and rural areas. Vs Stanford Football 2009? Emergency Management Performance Grants (EMPG)—$350 million for all-hazards emergency management. Operation Stonegarden—$55 million to enhance coordination between government agencies for border security. Tribal Homeland Security—$10 million to tribal governments for security enhancements. Nonprofit Security—$13 million to nonprofit groups for security enhancements. Port Security—$100 million for mcmaster medical school academic requirements for stanford, seaport security. Transit Security—$90 million for transit system security.

Intercity Passenger Rail—$10 million for vs stanford football 2009, Amtrak security. A fundamental problem with such grants is that federal funding of local activities is less efficient than local funding of o'hare campus il attractions, local activities. In part, that is because federal politicians focus on maximizing spending in their states, not on program effectiveness. Notre Dame Football 2009? In a 2012 report on FEMA grants, Senator Tom Coburn of Oklahoma said that Congress is preoccupied with the amount of money spent, not “how the money is spent, or whether it is needed in mcmaster academic requirements the first place.” 176. The expansion of the notre UASI program illustrates the importance of politics.

UASI originally provided funds to mcmaster academic, the 7 U.S. cities with the highest terrorism risks. But cities that did not receive funds—and their members of Congress—immediately started lobbying for inclusion, and over time Congress added more cities. 177 In due course, Congress expanded the program to 64 cities, although it has recently been cut back to 37. Dame Vs Stanford Football? 178. The political pressure to spread spending widely is also evident with SHSP funding. It is fraternity, distributed by notre vs stanford football 2009 a formula that takes disaster risks into account, but that is undermined because a minimum amount must be spent on every state. Depaul Campus? 179 Wyoming, for example, has just one-fifth of one percent of the U.S. population and a low risk of terrorism, but it receives almost 1 percent of SHSP funding.

180 Similarly, for the EMPG program, spending does not depend on terrorism risk, and small states receive a disproportionate share. Looking at the big picture, there are two types of notre, FEMA grant, but neither makes sense. Coburn’s report says that some grants “subsidize expenditures that would otherwise have been made by indiana state and local governments.” 181 His report finds that FEMA aid often pays for notre dame, such things as office supplies, camera systems, athletic equipment for mba admissions, fire and police departments, and wages for dame football, local first responders. Funding such items federally rather than locally just creates unneeded paperwork. Alternately, federal aid can induce local governments to purchase low-value items that they would not otherwise purchase. FEMA money is “free” to local governments, so they tend to squander it.

Coburn’s report provides examples of cities using preparedness grants to buy hovercrafts, underwater robots, and other fancy equipment that is little used. Knox County, Ohio—population 54,000—spent a $100,000 FEMA grant on a hazardous materials truck. The truck sat unused, and a local official admitted that it had been “a total waste of taxpayer dollars from the federal government on down.” 182. FEMA’s aid has raised civil liberties concerns. Numerous cities have purchased license plate reader systems and video surveillance systems with FEMA grants, for example. 183 And many cities have used FEMA grants to purchase military-style equipment for their police forces, such as militarized vehicles, aerial drones, and sound cannons. 184.

The Wall Street Journal noted that “six-figure grants from the Department of Homeland Security have been funding BearCats and other heavily fortified vehicles in towns and cities nationwide.” 185 A BearCat is an armored personnel carrier. Concord, New Hampshire, received a $258,000 FEMA grant to buy a BearCat, and other small cities, such as Fargo, North Dakota, have received similar grants. Depaul University Chicago Il Attractions? 186 It makes no sense for vs stanford, the federal government to pay for such controversial items. If the leaders of ohio animal, a town think that they face a major threat and need new security equipment, they should make the vs stanford case to of oregon fraternity indiana, their own taxpayers for the funding. Aside from the notre dame vs stanford grants listed above, FEMA also provides firefighter assistance grants of about $600 million a year.

187 These grants aid local fire departments in paying salaries and buying trucks, protective gear, and other items. Having well-funded fire departments is important, but local governments have traditionally paid these costs without federal aid. Indeed, firefighting is the archetypal local service that traces back to of oregon business fraternity indiana, at least the Union Fire Company organized by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia in vs stanford football 2009 1736. 188 Cities and mcmaster school academic for stanford, towns have long been proud of notre vs stanford football, their local firefighters, who are either paid employees or volunteers. It is a service that citizens everywhere demand from their local governments, and mcmaster medical academic, they are supportive of the local taxes needed to fund it.

So there is no reason for the federal government to intervene in this activity. Currently, local governments in notre dame America spend more than $42 billion annually on firefighting. 189 FEMA firefighting grants amount to school requirements for stanford, just 1.5 percent of this total, so it is a small share. Notre Vs Stanford? The problem is university of denver campus, that along with federal grants come top-down regulations from notre dame football 2009 Washington. Few people would want federal politicians controlling their local fire departments, but that will be a growing problem if the money keeps flowing. A 2010 news article in San Antonio on a FEMA grant illustrates the mba admissions problem:

The city was poised to spend its own money to dame vs stanford 2009, build two new fire stations and already had hired a contractor, Bartlett Cocke. Then the Federal Emergency Management Agency awarded the city $7.3 million from the stimulus program in September 2009 to pacific cars, pay for the stations and speed up response times by firefighters to keep residents safe. But San Antonio hit a bureaucratic snag at dame vs stanford football 2009 FEMA that could delay the project by a year. Meeting the federally mandated environmental standards could increase the project’s cost by $2.2 million. And the ohio university animal city decided to rebid the construction contract to vs stanford football 2009, make sure it met FEMA’s requirements, which meant Bartlett Cocke was out of a job. In San Antonio, Councilman Reed Williams, whose district includes the site for fire station 51, complained at Thursday’s City Council meeting that the stations are getting more expensive. The council approved a motion to increase the design costs of both stations by nearly $200,000 so the structures will be certified under standards set by the U.S. Green Building Council. “This thing’s going to be a year late, and it’s going to cost us more money,” Williams said. Williams asked how much more the stations were going to cost in the stimulus program, compared to the original costs when the city planned to build the stations without federal assistance. City staffers didn’t have an answer at the ready, but Walsh said in an interview that federal requirements could add an estimated $2.2 million to depaul university campus il attractions, the price tag.

190. Federal aid programs not only impose costly regulations, they also consume state and local time on notre football 2009 paperwork. You can see some of the university fraternity firefighter paperwork at www.fema.gov/firegrants. There are three different grants, each with different rules. Local officials must fill out notre dame vs stanford football federal grant paperwork explaining why they need the money and depaul il attractions, how they will spend it. Recipients have to fill out dame football 2009 regular financial reports, “Investment Justifications,” “Biannual Implementation Reports,” and other reports. The FEMA funding announcement for pacific stanford sunset, the firefighter grants is 75 pages long, and a workshop presentation is 94 pages.

FEMA has a “Get Ready Guide,” a “Self Evaluation Sheet,” and a “Vehicle Acquisition Guide” for the firefighter grants. Even after all the paperwork, there is no guarantee that a local government will receive funding. The key is to have a skilled representative on your side. Here is a 2013 press release from Rep. Patrick Maloney (D-NY)indicating how the process works: Earlier this year, Rep.

Maloney secured an notre dame vs stanford investment for $2,400,000 to hire fifteen new firefighters through the Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program— Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response (SAFER). Although their grant application was initially denied, Rep. Maloney worked closely with the Newburgh Fire Department and DHS personnel to ensure the ohio university animal Department received this SAFER award. 191. The SAFER grant pays for firefighter salaries for a fixed period of time.

After the notre grant money runs out, the town of Newburgh will have to find another funding source to keep its 15 new firefighters. So the ohio state animal federal aid did not really solve any problem, it simply delayed the town from finding a stable long-term funding source. America would be better off without FEMA grants for firefighters and other local emergency services. Ending FEMA aid would cut paperwork, regulations, and pork barrel politics. Decisionmaking about local emergency services would be more efficient if the services were funded locally.

Americans know that police and firefighter services are vital to their communities—and that is exactly why we do not need federal intervention. Congress created the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) in 1968 to dame, help property owners in flood-prone areas purchase government-backed insurance. The NFIP provides coverage against flooding from overflowing rivers and from storms on the seacoasts. Flooding is “the most frequent and costly natural hazard in the United States. More than 90 percent of business indiana, all natural disasters in the nation involve flooding.” 192. The NFIP was supposed to save taxpayers money by alleviating the need for notre dame vs stanford 2009, Congress to pass emergency aid packages after floods. Taxpayers were also not supposed to be burdened by the program itself because insurance premiums were to cover the mba admissions criteria system’s costs.

Also, the NFIP included floodplain regulations that are imposed on communities adopting the program. Vs Stanford 2009? These regulations were supposed to mitigate the harm from university of denver floods. None of the promises panned out. Congress continues to notre dame vs stanford football 2009, pass large disaster aid bills after floods. The NFIP has become hugely indebted, and o'hare chicago il attractions, will probably need a taxpayer bailout as payouts have far exceeded premiums in vs stanford football 2009 recent years.

Most importantly, rather than reducing the nation’s flooding problems, the NFIP has likely made flood damage worse by encouraging more development in hazardous areas. Since 1970, the estimated number of university mba admissions criteria, Americans living in dame vs stanford football coastal areas designated as Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs) by FEMA has increased from 10 million to more than 16 million. 193 Subsidized flood insurance has backfired by helping to university, draw more people and development into notre dame football 2009, flood zones. Flood insurance is available to homeowners and businesses in the roughly 20,000 jurisdictions across the nation that have decided to participate in the NFIP. 194 In return for the benefit of union pacific rail cars stanford sunset, subsidized insurance, communities become subject to federal floodplain regulations. People who live in SFHAs and have a federally backed mortgage are required to have flood insurance. However, compliance with this mandate is notre dame vs stanford 2009, very low. 195. There are currently 5.6 million flood insurance policies in place with a combined insured value of $1.2 trillion.

196 Policies are serviced by private insurance companies, but the insurance risks fall on federal taxpayers. 197 Many insurance companies do not participate in the NFIP, apparently because of the political instability that surrounds the rail sunset system. Notre Dame? 198. FEMA has trouble administering the NFIP. The GAO has had the NFIP on its “high-risk” list of troubled programs for years. One problem is that flood claims are handled by an outdated computer system, and FEMA has had major problems installing a new one called NextGen. Mcmaster Medical Academic? The GAO reported in 2010 that “despite having invested roughly $40 million over 7 years, FEMA has yet to implement NextGen … as a result, use of NextGen was halted.” 199. FEMA collects about $3.5 billion in annual NFIP premiums. 200 When the premiums are insufficient to pay claims, FEMA borrows from the U.S. Treasury. In recent years, the program has accumulated more than $24 billion in debt because payouts have far exceeded premiums.

201 Today, the program is in financial crisis and taxpayers will likely bear the burden of vs stanford 2009, its large debt. The NFIP’s financial shortcomings are typical of union cars stanford sunset, government-run businesses. Notre Football 2009? Unlike private insurance, the NFIP charges artificially low rates, does not build capital surpluses, and does not purchase reinsurance to cover catastrophic losses. 202 Furthermore, the NFIP cannot reject applicants in order to manage the system’s risk, and it is legally constrained in its ability to photos university of denver, raise rates. The GAO says that “by design, NFIP is not an actuarially sound program.” 203. About one-fifth of NFIP policyholders pay “subsidized rates,” while the other four-fifths pay “full-risk” rates. 204 But even the full-risk rates are below what market rates would be.

A 2011 insurance industry study found that overall NFIP premiums are only half the level needed to cover the notre 2009 system’s full costs, and property owners in high-risk areas pay just one-third of full market rates. 205 These artificially low rates subsidize people to live in high-risk flood areas. One problem is that “FEMA generally lacks information needed to establish full-risk rates.” 206 Rates are based on Flood Insurance Rate Maps, but FEMA’s maps have long been criticized as not being up to date. FEMA maps often do not reflect changes in university of denver the landscape caused by factors such as ongoing development and erosion. 207. Another problem with the notre vs stanford football NFIP is that it undermines federalism. If a jurisdiction is in the NFIP, it must comply with FEMA-approved building standards, land-use controls, and other regulations. The NFIP runs essentially a top-down local planning system called the Community Rating System (CRS). Under the university campus CRS, communities receive discounts on flood insurance rates based on notre dame 2009 how many of 19 “creditable activities” or federal mandates they comply with.

208. The Congressional Research Service says that with the mcmaster medical school academic requirements for stanford NFIP, the federal “government became a de facto regulator of certain economic activity in flood-prone areas.” 209 However, local governments have been hesitant to dame football, enforce the tougher zoning rules and building standards because they are eager to receive the higher tax revenues that stem from new development. The broader policy issue is that the NFIP undermines federalism by extending Washington’s regulatory power into medical school academic for stanford, what should be local decisionmaking. The most serious problem with NFIP is notre dame, that it has encouraged development in hazardous areas. As Duke University coastal geologist Orrin Pilkey puts it, “we are subsidizing, even encouraging, very dangerous development.” 210 Federal flood insurance has incentivized individuals and developers to build in hazardous areas they would otherwise not build in. Local governments have an incentive to approve development in hazardous areas because they are eager to cars, increase their property tax bases. As more of the U.S. population has moved to flood-prone areas, more lives and property are put in harm’s way.

211 As development expands in notre dame vs stanford football 2009 seacoast areas it shrinks wetlands. Pacific Cars Sunset? Wetlands provide habitats for wildlife and form a defense against hurricanes along the seacoast. “The financial costs of the notre dame NFIP are considerable,” one study observed, “but they are likely dwarfed by the ecological damages that the program encourages.” 212 That is why cutting the NFIP is one policy area where environmentalists and pro-market economists see eye to university, eye. The NFIP creates “moral hazard,” which is when people take risks that they would not otherwise take because they do not bear the full costs of failure. Government subsidies reduce individual costs and thus induce excessive risk-taking. Vs Stanford Football? The Congressional Research Service noted of the NFIP: “the assurance of federal assistance in the event or repeated disaster-related losses may create a ‘moral hazard’ by lowering the incentives to take appropriate steps to mitigate loss.” 213. The moral hazard problem is campus, clear when you consider the NFIP’s large payouts to property owners who have made multiple claims.

The NFIP cannot charge market rates, must accept all applicants, and is not allowed to notre football 2009, cut off properties that suffer repeated damage. 214 Furthermore, unlike with private insurance, FEMA does not increase insurance rates after claims. Not surprisingly then, some property owners repeatedly rebuild in hazardous locations knowing that the government will bail them out after each flood. Repetitive loss properties account for only about 1 percent of all policies, but are responsible for about one-third of school academic requirements for stanford, all NFIP claims. Notre Dame 2009? 215.

USA Today reviewed FEMA records in 2010 and found thousands of homes that had collected multiple insurance payouts that added up to much more than what the properties were worth. One Mississippi home valued at $69,900 has flooded 34 times since 1978, and the owner has received $663,000 in NFIP payments over the years. 216 Any private insurance company would cancel coverage on individuals like this who are taking high risks, but the NFIP does not. Fox News anchor John Stossel has discussed his personal experience with flood insurance. 217 He built a beach house in a risky location along the ocean on Long Island in 1980. His architect told him that the depaul o'hare campus il attractions government would pay for dame vs stanford 2009, a new one if a disaster struck, so he went ahead. Sure enough, the ocean destroyed his house, and photos campus, Stossel received the government-funded bailout. As Stossel has noted, the NFIP is welfare for the well-to-do. A 2010 study looked at claims data over notre 2009 a 10-year period and concluded that “the benefits of the NFIP appear to accrue largely to wealthy households concentrated in a few highly-exposed states.” 218 One reason is that many properties along U.S. University Of Oregon Business Indiana? seacoasts are vacation residences for well-heeled individuals. The NFIP is not the 2009 only federal program encouraging Americans to live in flood-prone areas.

Since the 19th century, the Army Corps of Engineers has built levees, flood walls, and o'hare, other flood protection structures. These projects are supposed to create an engineering solution to flooding. But, to vs stanford 2009, an extent, the huge investment in these projects has backfired because they have encouraged more Americans to live in flood-prone areas, believing that they are protected. The increase in mcmaster medical for stanford perceived safety created by the Corps’ projects has also created a disincentive for individuals to buy flood insurance and dame vs stanford, thus undermined the development of a private flood insurance market. 219. Rutherford Platt observed that “structural flood control and shore protection projects often induce a false sense of security leading to new investment in the area thought to be protected by the project.” 220 The result is that areas ostensibly protected by flood control projects “experienced greater losses when floods exceeded the design capacity of dams, levees, and sea walls than would have occurred without the projects.” 221. These days, there are many federal agencies involved variously in subsidizing and regulating flood-prone areas, and the interventions often work at cross purposes. Photos? 222 The Army Corps of Engineers builds flood-control structures and subsidizes seacoast beach replenishment.

Those activities encourage more seaside development. A FEMA study after Hurricane Frederic in 1979 on the Gulf Coast found that “the federal government had originally encouraged development on such coastal barriers through flood insurance, sewer and water grants, beach nourishment, and dame vs stanford football 2009, other development incentives.” 223. In the 1990s, Topsail Island, North Carolina, was repeatedly hit by hurricanes, and each time FEMA came in to rebuild infrastructure, which encouraged more development. 224 And then there is New Orleans, where for decades massive flood control infrastructure built by the Corps encouraged development in of oregon fraternity dangerous, low-lying areas around the city. 2009? That greatly magnified the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In his book, Platt discusses the tension between some government agencies subsidizing people to live in risky places and other agencies imposing regulations to prevent people living in those places. He looks at Fire Island along the coast of Long Island, New York, which is vulnerable to hurricanes. Local activist groups “have each lobbied intensely to school academic requirements for stanford, win government benefits for notre dame vs stanford, Fire Island while opposing any limits on the freedom of private owners to photos of denver, build or rebuild along the oceanfront.” 225. People want to live on this dangerous island, but they also want subsidized beach nourishment projects, flood insurance, and disaster aid. 2009? Platt concludes that the current patchwork of regulations and subsidies from federal programs has “proved futile in achieving a safe and sensible balance of human presence and nature.” 226 But part of the solution is straightforward: governments should repeal programs that subsidize development in hazardous places.

People who choose to animal nutrition, live in flood-prone areas should purchase insurance from private insurance carriers, which would charge premiums based on the actual risk. Dame 2009? If companies will not offer flood coverage, that is a market signal that it is not a safe place to for stanford, live. It is not a “market failure” if private flood insurance is not available for dame vs stanford football 2009, dangerous locations, as some commentators have suggested. 227. Before the creation of the NFIP in 1968, little private flood insurance existed. There were marketplace reasons for that, but government interventions also created a hurdle for of denver campus, private flood insurance.

228 Today, however, numerous experts think that flood insurance could be privatized. Notre Dame Vs Stanford 2009? For one thing, private insurers today have more sophisticated computer models than in the past, and much more is known about flood risks on union pacific rail stanford sunset a detailed basis throughout the nation. There is currently a very small but growing market for notre dame vs stanford 2009, private flood insurance. University Campus Chicago Il Attractions? 229. Federal and state governments can encourage the notre vs stanford development of stanford university mba admissions, private flood insurance by dame football 2009 getting out of the of oregon business fraternity way. Cutting disaster aid would increase individual and business demand for notre dame vs stanford, insurance.

Eliminating federal and state regulations that interfere with insurance pricing would increase the university o'hare campus il attractions supply of insurance, as would reforming income taxes, which are biased against insurance companies holding capital to cover large but infrequent losses. Dame Vs Stanford 2009? 230 GAO has discussed steps toward partial privatization of flood insurance. Business Fraternity? 231 And a report by Deloitte noted that “flood insurance theoretically presents a tremendous growth opportunity for private carriers,” but only if reforms are made to federal policies. 232. Congress enacted modest NFIP reforms in 2012, but then took steps backward in 2014. Dame Football 2009? Under the 2012 Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act, FEMA was to gradually increase premiums to better reflect actual risk for more of NFIP’s policyholders. 233 Then in response to complaints about premium increases from pacific rail stanford constituents, Congress in 2014 passed changes to cap premium increases and to reverse other reforms.

234. Congress should revisit this issue. Dame? The NFIP should be phased out as barriers to private insurance are repealed. Rep. Jeb Hensarling (R-TX) calls the ohio animal nutrition NFIP “ineffective, inefficient and indisputably costly to vs stanford football, hardworking American taxpayers.” 235 He says that he is stanford university mba admissions criteria, considering “legislation to transition to a private, innovative, competitive, sustainable flood insurance market. 236. Rep. Candice Miller (R-MI) has introduced legislation to end the notre vs stanford 2009 NFIP.

237 She summarizes some of the reasons for repeal: It is ridiculous that the federal government remains in the flood insurance business. With no end in sight for the NFIP in racking up new debt, continuing subsidized rates for those who live in flood prone areas, skyrocketing rates for many who live in areas that never flood and university, 40 years of football 2009, history showing clearly that the federal government is a very bad insurance company; it is time to take decisive action to of oregon business indiana, wind down the NFIP instead of offering up more bailouts… . I believe in the 10th Amendment and our nation must stop centralizing power in Washington on a wide variety of football 2009, issues… . It is time to stop looking to Washington for one size fits all solutions and allow states to photos university, provide real and affordable solutions to residents who require flood insurance protection. It is time to dame 2009, remove the union pacific cars stanford federal government from the flood insurance business, end the dame vs stanford football 2009 unfair debt liability being placed upon all taxpayers by this unsound federal program, stop the practice of forcing unjustly high rates on those living in areas under little risk of flooding, stop the politically motivated subsidizing of people who live in highly flood prone areas and restore power to the states. Of Denver? 238. One of the rules that every doctor learns is “first, do no harm.” That rule should be applied to policymaking on natural disasters.

This essay focuses mainly on floods and hurricanes, which are the nation’s most costly and prevalent natural disasters. The number of Americans living in risky locations on notre dame football 2009 floodplains and seacoasts has grown in recent decades, and numerous federal policies have encouraged that trend. 239. Those policies should be repealed, starting with subsidized flood insurance. The NFIP has fallen deep into debt, and the program amounts to welfare for nutrition, the well-to-do. Congress created the NFIP in 1968 partly in dame football the belief that private sector could not provide flood coverage. Today, however, the insurance industry is photos university of denver campus, more sophisticated and in a better to notre, position to union rail sunset, provide private coverage. Congress should phase out the NFIP in combination with regulatory and notre dame vs stanford, tax reforms encouraging private participation in the flood insurance market. Congress should repeal Army Corps spending—such as beach replenishment and new flood control structures—that encourages development of o'hare campus chicago il attractions, flood-prone areas.

240 Army Corps spending is supposed to protect communities, but as we have seen in New Orleans and elsewhere, the agency’s projects can encourage development in notre vs stanford 2009 dangerous, low-lying areas. 241 The Corps’ infrastructure has also depleted coastal wetlands, which are a natural defense against hurricanes. “First, do no harm” also applies to growing federal intervention in photos disaster preparedness, response, and notre dame football 2009, relief. That intervention will backfire if it reduces the efforts of state and local governments and the private sector. If federal efforts continue to ohio state university animal, expand, “the result will be the displacement of the very things that make the system work most of the time—state, local, and private sector preparedness and dame vs stanford football 2009, initiative.” 242. Unfortunately, the federal urge to spend has triumphed in recent years.

Most of the huge $60 billion Sandy aid package passed in 2013, for university mba admissions criteria, example, was for long-term infrastructure projects, not for short-term emergency relief. 243 There is notre dame football 2009, no reason why state and local governments could not issue bonds and mcmaster medical academic requirements, build rainy day funds to finance disaster response and rebuilding. Indeed, an notre advantage in ending federal aid would be to create a strong incentive for states to prepare in advance for disasters, both by putting resources aside and by pursuing mitigation projects to reduce the harm of disasters. State and criteria, local governments and the private sector are in a much better position to handle most disaster response. Federal bureaucracies are typically poor at trying to centrally manage large and complex problems. FEMA is no exception: it is slow, risk averse, subservient to politics, and dame vs stanford 2009, it does not have the local knowledge needed to stanford university mba admissions criteria, effectively handle many disasters. 2009? First responders and mcmaster requirements, their assets are mainly owned and notre dame vs stanford football 2009, managed locally, and so a bottom-up structure makes sense. As noted, FEMA intervention can slow state and local relief and rebuilding after disasters because of all the extra paperwork required on each project. By reducing the federal role, we would reduce ambiguity in state university nutrition the system.

As we saw with Katrina, decisionmaking was hampered by notre vs stanford football 2009 the uncertainly over campus il attractions bureaucratic rules and responsibilities. Our disaster relief system has become “too complex for its own good.” 244 The federal government has made it that way. When you read FEMA and DHS reports, it is striking the huge number of dame 2009, goals, plans, strategies, frameworks, agencies, systems, directives, offices, and other structures that are supposed to come together during disasters. A better approach than such top-down planning would be to greatly cut the federal role and rail stanford, let state, local, and private institutions perform their specialized functions and coordinate among themselves. The disaster response systems in Canada and Australia are more decentralized than ours. 245 The federal emergency management agencies in those countries do not have operational roles. Notre 2009? They do provide disaster aid to lower governments, but the photos university thresholds for aid are more objective than in the United States. Miskel argues that a similar more decentralized approach in the United States would “give a stronger incentive for states to take emergency preparedness seriously because that helps reduce costs and to manage their disaster relief expenditures carefully.” 246. One encouraging U.S. development is the expansion of horizontal relationships between the states in disaster response.

All the state governments have joined the football Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC), which was created in 1996. Mcmaster Requirements? 247 EMAC expedites the legal process of states aiding other states with manpower and resources during a disaster. During Hurricane Katrina, for example, Florida provided stockpiled commodities to football 2009, Mississippi under EMAC procedures. Medical School Academic Requirements? 248. Over the past two decades, there has also been an expansion in mutual aid agreements between local governments to dame football 2009, share police and fire assets during emergencies. University Of Oregon Indiana? 249 And, as discussed, private electric utilities across the country routinely aid each other with crews and equipment to speed repairs after storms. Such horizontal relationships make more sense than officials trying to vertically plan everything from Washington. Miskel argues, “the very last thing that the federal government should do is crowd initiative at nonfederal levels out notre vs stanford of the system in the name of improving the federal response to catastrophic disasters.” 250. There are other ideas to photos university of denver campus, help improve state disaster response. One is to football 2009, reform Good Samaritan laws to ensure that emergency workers do not stay away from disasters in other states for university of denver, fear of civil liability.

251 Another is to expand State Defense Forces (SDFs). 252 Currently, 22 states have SDFs, which are voluntary, part-time militaries under state command. SDFs often consist of retired military service members and professionals such as doctors and engineers, who have disaster-relevant skills. Notre Vs Stanford? During the Sandy recovery, SDFs from of denver New York, Maryland, and football 2009, other states played important roles. FEMA disaster aid to of denver, individuals and state and local governments should be eliminated. FEMA aid has often been wasteful, and vs stanford football 2009, the federal government has no unique skill in providing aid. Ending federal aid would have the positive effect of increasing the demand for private insurance and in stimulating greater state, local, and private disaster preparation. Also, removing FEMA intervention would prevent the damaging situation that occurred during Katrina of FEMA repeatedly blocking private aid efforts. Since the 19th century, private donations have poured into American cities hit by disasters.

In recent decades, charitable groups such as the Red Cross and Salvation Army have channeled donations to victims. Historically, businesses have also played a large role in relief, such as after the university criteria San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 and the Dayton Flood of 1913. More recently, the notre football 2009 efforts of Walmart and other companies after hurricanes show that businesses are ready to use their logistical skills to aid communities when calamities strike. If private donations are not sufficient for the largest of disasters, state governments using their own funds are likely to provide more efficient disaster aid than the federal government. Besides, all federal aid ultimately comes from the taxpayers who live in the 50 states.

So it makes more sense for the states to raise their own funding and to plan ahead for the financial demands of depaul o'hare campus chicago il attractions, future emergencies and dame 2009, disasters. In sum, FEMA funding for mba admissions, disaster aid to states and individuals should be ended and flood insurance privatized. Those activities represent more than 90 percent of FEMA’s current budget. Some of the remaining activities include flood mapping, continuity of operations, the public alert system, training programs, and notre dame, technological and radiological hazards preparedness. Those activities should be moved to other agencies, and depaul university chicago il attractions, FEMA closed down. Outside of FEMA, numerous federal agencies would continue to play crucial roles in notre dame football 2009 disaster response. Those include the Coast Guard, the o'hare chicago il attractions active duty military, the agencies that prepare for dame, pandemics and other health threats, and the agencies that handle such threats as terrorism, cyber attacks, and biological and chemical agents. The problem with federal disaster activities is union cars stanford sunset, a common one: the government tries to dame vs stanford football 2009, do too much, and it ends up doing little well. In government, less is nearly always more. The federal government should be tasked with only those roles for which it can provide added value not provided by state and local governments or the private sector. Cars? But FEMA’s large and growing budget consists mainly of counterproductive and inefficient aid programs that should be eliminated.

1 Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2015, Historical Tables (Washington: Government Printing Office, 2014), Table 4.1. Updated to the final 2014 figure. 2 Calculated from the Office of dame vs stanford football, Management and Budget’s “Public Budget Database,” www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Supplemental. 3 Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and union pacific stanford, Emergency Assistance Act, P.L. 93-288. For a discussion, see Francis X. McCarthy, “FEMA’s Disaster Declaration Process: A Primer,” Congressional Research Service, May 18, 2011. 4 James F. Miskel, Disaster Response and Homeland Security (Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008), chap. 3.

5 Henry Hogue and Keith Bea, “Federal Emergency Management and notre vs stanford 2009, Homeland Security Organization: Historical Developments and Legislative Options,” Congressional Research Service, June 1, 2006, pp. 4–5. 6 Rutherford H. Depaul Campus Il Attractions? Platt, Disasters and Democracy (Washington: Island Press, 1999), p. 1. Platt is citing research by Peter May. 8 Federal Emergency Management Agency, “Publication 1,” November 2010, p. Notre Vs Stanford 2009? 3, www.fema.gov/pdf/about/pub1.pdf. 9 Janet Sharp Hermann, “Disaster Relief Then and Now,” The Freeman , May 1, 2000. 11 Patrick S. Roberts, Disasters and the American State: How Politicians, Bureaucrats, and the Public Prepare for the Unexpected (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 24–25. And see Judy G. Russell, “A Matter of Debate,”August 20, 2012, www.legalgeneologist.com. 12 Federal Emergency Management Agency, “Publication 1,” p. University Animal? 3, www.fema.gov/pdf/about/pub1.pdf.

14 Emily C. Sharbek, “The Chicago Fire of 1871: A Bottom-Up Approach to Disaster Relief,” Public Choice 160 (2014): 155–80. 16 For a discussion, see Miskel, p. 49. 17 Jennifer K. Elsea and R. Chuck Mason, “The Use of Federal Troops for Disaster Assistance: Legal Issues,” Congressional Research Service, November 28, 2008. 18 Quoted in Robert Higgs, “Why Grover Cleveland Vetoed the Texas Seed Bill,” Independent Institute, July 1, 2003. 19 Christoph Strupp, “Dealing with Disaster: The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906,” German Historical Institute, (Washington), March 22, 2006, p. 8. 20 Morgan O’Rourke, “The Big Shake Up: Revisiting the Great San Francisco Earthquake,” Risk Management , April 2006. 21 Douglas Coate, “Disaster and notre dame vs stanford, Recovery: The Public and photos of denver, Private Sectors in the Aftermath of the dame 2009 1906 Earthquake in San Francisco,” Working Paper, Rutgers University, July 2010. 23 Margaret Gurowitz, “The Origins of Our Disaster Relief: The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906,” Kilmer House, Johnson and Johnson, August 20, 2008. 24 O’Rourke. Generally, the policies covered fire, not earthquakes. 26 Dalit Baranoff, “Fire Insurance in the United States,” EH.net, March 16, 2008.

27 The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco, “The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fire,” www.sfmuseum.org/1906/06.html. 33 Edward Epstein, “The Great Quake: 1906-2006,” San Francisco Chronicle , April 18, 2006. 35 The actions of Gen. Frederick Funston were controversial for numerous reasons. First, he acted without checking with his superiors in Washington. Second, he acted to send regular troops into the city for policing purposes. Third, his command of the city was very aggressive, and depaul university o'hare chicago il attractions, apparently led to the deaths of numerous people. 36 Christopher Klein, “The Superstorm That Flooded America 100 Years Ago,” www.history.com, March 25, 2013. 37 Trudy E. Football? Bell, “Aid and Ambivalence,” 2009, http://trudyebell.com/1913flood.php.

Bell is a former editor of university animal, Scientific American and her website is devoted to the 1913 disaster. 38 Trudy E. Bell, “Our National Calamity: The Great Easter 1913 Flood,” December 9, 2012, http://www.trudyebell.com/1913flood.php. 42 Trudy E. Bell, “Aid and Ambivalence.” 43 Miskel, pp. 8, 9, 41,and 45. 44 Chris Edwards, “Cutting the Army Corps of Engineers,” Cato Institute, March 2012, www.downsizinggovernment.org/usace. 45 Arthur E. Morgan, Dams and notre vs stanford, Other Disasters: A Century of the Army Corps of Engineers in mcmaster medical academic for stanford Civil Works (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1971), p. 233.

46 Federal Emergency Management Agency, “Publication 1,” p. 5. 48 Jim Sam, “Herbert Hoover and notre vs stanford, the Great Mississippi Flood,” Behind the Scenes blog, Hoover Institution, May 19, 2011. 49 Platt, pp. 12–18. 51 Federal Emergency Management Agency, “Publication 1,” p. 6. 53 The law’s full title is the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and union stanford, Emergency Assistance Act of 1988, P.L. 93-288.

See Bruce R. Lindsay and Justin Murray, “Disaster Relief Funding and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations,” Congressional Research Service, April 2011 , p. 4. And see Francis X. McCarthy and Jared T. Brown, “Congressional Primer on Responding to Major Disasters and Emergencies,” Congressional Research Service, May 2013. 54 Robert T. Dame 2009? Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1988, P.L. 93-288. For a discussion, see McCarthy. 55 This figure is for 2004–2011. See Government Accountability Office (GAO), “Federal Disaster Assistance: Improved Criteria Needed to Assess a Jurisdiction’s Capability to Respond and Recover on Its Own,” GAO-12-838, September 2012.

56 Calculated from the Office of Management and stanford, Budget’s “Public Budget Database,” www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Supplemental. 57 These figures are for DRF spending 2004–2011. Dame Vs Stanford Football 2009? See GAO, “Federal Disaster Assistance: Improved Criteria Needed to Assess a Jurisdiction’s Capability to Respond and Recover on Its Own,” GAO-12-838, September 2012, p. 19. 58 GAO, “Federal Disaster Assistance,”: Improved Criteria Needed to Assess a Jurisdiction’s Capability to Respond and Recover on depaul o'hare chicago Its Own,” GAO-12-838, September 2012, p. 34. 61 Matt Mayer, “New York Times: A Big Storm Requires a Big Government,” Heritage Foundation, October 30, 2012. 62 Matt Mayer, “States: Stop Subsidizing FEMA Waste and Manage Your Own Local Disasters,” Heritage Foundation, September 29, 2009, p. 7. 63 President George W. Bush, “The Department of Homeland Security,” June 2002, www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/book.pdf, pp. 1, 7, 16. 64 Budget of the U.S.

Government, Fiscal Year 2014, Historical Tables (Washington: Government Printing Office, 2013), Table 4.1. 65 Jerry Markon, “DHS Headquarters Funding in Jeopardy,” Washington Post , July 4, 2014. 66 Chris Edwards, “Cutting the Army Corps of Engineers.” And see Thomas Birkland and Sarah Waterman, “Is Federalism the Reason for Policy Failure in notre dame vs stanford 2009 Hurricane Katrina?” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 38, no. 4 (2008): 692–714. 67 Daniel Hoople, “The Budgetary Impact of the Federal Government’s Response to Disasters,” Congressional Budget Office, September 23, 2013. 68 FEMA’s Sandy response is discussed in Steven P. Bucci, et al., “After Hurricane Sandy: Time to Learn and stanford, Implement the Lessons in Preparedness, Response, and dame vs stanford football, Resilience,” Heritage Foundation, October 24, 2013. 69 Ibid., p. 10.

About $10 billion of the spending was for university, the NFIP. 70 James W. Fossett, “Let’s Stop Improvising Disaster Recovery,” Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, July 2013. 71 McCarthy and Brown, p. 5. 72 Bureau of the dame football 2009 Census, Government Employment and Payroll, www.census.gov/govs/apes. 73 Quoted in stanford mba admissions Bucci, et al., p. 6. 75 House of Representatives, Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Katrina, “A Failure of Initiative,” February 15, 2006, p. 13.

78 FEMA keeps a count at www.fema.gov/disasters/grid/year. I am including “major disasters,” “emergencies,” and “fire management assistance declarations.” 79 Thomas A. Garrett and Russell S. Sobel, “The Political Economy of FEMA Disaster Payments,” Economic Inquiry 41, no. 3 (July 2003): 496–509. See also Russell S. Sobel and Peter T. Notre Dame Football? Leeson, “Flirting with Disaster: The Inherent Problems with FEMA,” Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 573, July 19, 2006, pp.

8–9. And see Gene Healy, “Obama’s Disaster-Prone Presidency,” Washington Examiner , July 2, 2012. 80 GAO, “Federal Disaster Assistance: Improved Criteria Needed to university of oregon, Assess a Jurisdiction’s Capability to Respond and Recover on Its Own,” p. 22. 83 GAO, “Federal Disaster Assistance: Improved Criteria Needed to Assess a Jurisdiction’s Capability to Respond and Recover on Its Own,” p. 49. 84 Matt Mayer, “States,” p. 9. 85 James W. Fossett, “A Tale of Two Hurricanes: What Does Katrina Tell Us About Sandy?” Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, January 2013. 86 James W. Fossett, “Let’s Stop Improvising Disaster Recovery.” . 87 GAO, “Federal Disaster Assistance: Improved Criteria Needed to Assess a Jurisdiction’s Capability to Respond and Recover on Its Own,” pp. 16, 20. 89 Bucci, et al., p. Notre Vs Stanford? 3. 90 Matt Mayer, “States,” p. 7.

91 These issues are discussed in McCarthy. 92 Quoted in university campus Miskel, p. 127. 93 Quoted in Platt, p. 58. 94 Quoted in Platt, p. 89. 96 Jeb Bush, “Think Locally on Relief,” op-ed, Washington Post , September 30, 2005.

97 Quoted in House of Representatives, , p. 322. 98 Matt Mayer, “Five Lessons from Hurricane Sandy,” November 29, 2012, p. 1. 99 Quoted in ibid., p. 1. 101 Miskel, p. 15. 102 Brad Plumer, “Is Sandy the Second-Most Destructive U.S. Hurricane Ever,” Washington Post , November 5, 2012. 104 GAO, “Disaster Management: Improving the Nation’s Response to Catastrophic Disasters,” GAO/RCED-93-186, July 1993, p. 3.

105 Miskel, p. 81. 107 This was a report by the National Academy of Public Administration, which is discussed in Miskel, p. 87. 108 Quoted in Miskel, p. 85. 109 Miskel, pp. Notre Vs Stanford Football 2009? 41, 83–85. 112 House of union pacific sunset, Representatives, p. 1. 114 Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs, “Hurricane Katrina: A Nation Still Unprepared,” March 1, 2006, chap. 14. 115 Miskel, p. 15.

116 House of dame football, Representatives, pp. 1, 11. 120 Miskel, p. 136. 123 Scott Shane, “Stumbling Storm-Aid Effort Put Tons of Ice on Trips to Nowhere,” New York Times , October 2, 2005. 124 John Cochran, “85M Pounds of mba admissions criteria, Ice Growing Down the Drain, abcnews.com, July 15, 2007. Notre Vs Stanford Football? And see Rep.

Bennie G. Thompson and Democratic Staff of the House Committee on Homeland Security, “One Year Later: Katrina’s Waste,” August 28, 2006, p. 14. 125 Abbie Boudreau and Scott Zamost, “FEMA Gives Away $85 Million of Supplies for Katrina Victims,” CNN.com, June 12, 2008. 126 Rep. Bennie G. Thompson and Democratic Staff of the House Committee on Homeland Security, p. 3. 127 House of Representatives, pp.

300–302. 128 House of medical academic requirements, Representatives, p. 299. 129 GAO, “Hurricanes Katrina and Rita Disaster Relief,” GAO-06-844T, June 114, 2006. And see Brad Heath, “Katrina Fraud Swamps System,” USA Today , July 6, 2007. 130 Associated Press, “Abuse Could Push Katrina Costs to $2 Billion,” December 25, 2006. 131 Frank Bass and Eileen Sullivan, “Scammers Scooped Up $500M in Katrina Aid,” Associated Press, December 4, 2007. 132 Eric Lipton, “Breathtaking Waste and Fraud in Hurricane Aid,” New York Times , June 27, 2006. 133 House of Representatives, p. 286. 136 Sobel and Leeson. 137 House Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina, Rep.

Jefferson questioning of Michael Brown, September 27, 2005. 138 Ann Rodgers, “Homeland Security Won’t Let Red Cross Deliver Food,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , September 3, 2005. 139 Scott Shane, “After Failures, Government Officials Play Blame Game,” New York Times , September 5, 2005. 140 Elizabeth Williamson, “Offers of Aid Immediate, but U.S. Approval Delayed for Days,” Washington Post , September 7, 2005. 141 Scott Shane, “After Failures, Government Officials Play Blame Game.” 142 Miskel, Disaster Response and Homeland Security (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008), p. 6.

144 Associated Press, “Agency ‘Beyond Repair’ and Must Be Replaced, Republican Chairwomen Says,” April 27, 2006. 145 Platt, p. 277. 146 Platt, p. 277. 147 Chris Edwards, “Department of Homeland Bureaucracy,” Cato Institute, June 12, 2014. 148 Miskel, p. 83. 150 Gregory J. Sanial, “The Response to Hurricane Katrina: A Study of the Coast Guard’s Culture, Organizational Design and Leadership in Crisis,” masters degree thesis, Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2007. 151 Steven Horwitz, “Making Hurricane Response More Effective,” Mercatus Center, George Mason University, March 2008.

152 Sanial, p. Notre Dame Vs Stanford Football 2009? 26. 154 Ibid., pp. 71, 70. 155 Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs, p. 10. See also James F. Miskel, Disaster Response and Homeland Security (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008), pp. 40, 96, 97. 156 House of Representatives, p. 343. 157 Ibid., pp.

312, 344. 158 Miskel, p. 25. 159 House of Representatives, p. 328. 161 Michael Barbaro and Justin Gillis, “Wal-Mart at the Forefront of Hurricane Relief,” Washington Post , September 6, 2005, p. D1. 163 House of Representatives, pp. xi, 2. 164 Bucci, et al., 166 Quoted in ibid., p. 4. 167 Partnership for Public Service, “The Best Places to Work in the Federal Government,” 2013, www.bestplacestowork.org. 168 Department of Homeland Security, Office of Inspector General, “FEMA’s Logistics Supply Chain Management System May Not Be Effective During a Catastrophic Disaster,” September 2014, p. 5.

171 Meghan Barr, “AP-NORC Poll: Friends, Kin Key to Sandy Survival,” Associated Press, June 24, 2013. 173 Department of Homeland Security, “DHS Announces Grant Allocation for photos university, Fiscal 2013 Preparedness Grants,” press release, August 23, 2013. 175 Federal Emergency Management Agency, “Grant Programs Directorate Information Bulletin,” no. 393, March 10, 2014. And see Federal Emergency Management Agency, “Grant Programs Directorate Information Bulletin,” no.

394, March 18, 2014. 176 Office of Senator Tom Coburn, “Safety at Any Price: Assessing the Impact of Homeland Security Spending in U.S. Cities,” December 2012, p. 5. 177 Ibid., pp. Notre Vs Stanford Football? 14, 15, 19, 20, 21.

178 Department of Homeland Security, “Funding Opportunity Announcement: Homeland Security Grant Program,” DHS-14-GPD-067-000-01, 2014. 179 Matt A. Mayer, Homeland Security and Federalism: Protecting America from Outside the Beltway (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security International, 2009), p. 64. 180 Department of Homeland Security, “Funding Opportunity Announcement,” Appendix A. 181 Coburn, p. 23. 182 Melissa Raines, “Hazmat Trailer, Truck to medical school, Be Sold,” Mount Vernon News , Au­gust 26, 2008. 183 Coburn, p. 26. 184 The Department of Defense has also been giving excess military equipment to local police forces. See Matt Apuzzo, “Officer Friendly, In a Tank? War Gear Flows to Local Police,” New York Times , June 9, 2014. 185 Jennifer Levitz, “Towns Say No Tanks to Militarized Police,” Wall Street Journal , February 7, 2014. 186 Coburn, pp.

4, 36–41. 187 Budget of the U.S. Government, FY2015, Appendix (Washington: Government Printing Office, 2014), p. 548. For general information, see www.fema.gov/assistance-firefighters-grant. 188 PBS.org, “ Citizen Ben : Firefighter,” 2002, www.pbs.org/benfranklin. 189 Bureau of the Census, State and Local Government Finances, Table 1, www.census.gov/govs/local.

The 2011 total is $42 billion. 190 Sandra Santos, “Red Tape Delays Some Stimulus Projects,” www.mysanantonio.com, June 29, 2010. 191 Office of Representative Sean Patrick Maloney, “Maloney Joins New Newburgh Firefighters at Live Burn,” press release, December 20, 2013. 192 FEMA, Congressional Budget Justification, FY2013, Flood Hazard Mapping and Risk Analysis, www.fema.gov/fiscal-year-2013-budget. 193 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “NOAA’s State of the Coast,” 2012, http://stateofthecoast.noaa.gov/pop100yr/welcome.html. 194 GAO, “Flood Insurance: More Information Needed on Subsidized Properties,” GAO-13-607, July 2013, p. 4. 195 Rawle O. King, “The National Flood Insurance Program: Status and Remaining Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, February 6, 2013, p. 3. 197 GAO, “Flood Insurance: Opportunities Exist to notre vs stanford football, Improve Oversight of the pacific cars WYO Program,” GA0-09-455, August 2009, p. 1.

198 Annmarie Geddes Baribeau, “The National Flood Insurance Program Is Under Water: Can the Private Sector Help?” Contingencies , July/August 2013, p. 30. 199 GAO, “National Flood Insurance Program: Continued Actions Needed to Address Financial and notre dame vs stanford, Operational Issues,” p. 12. 200 GAO, “National Flood Insurance Program: Continued Attention Needed to Address Challenges,” GAO-13-858T, September 18, 2013, p. 1. 202 For some of the differences between NFIP and private insurance, see Property Casualty Insurers Association of America, “True Market-Risk Rates for Flood Insurance,” June 2011. And see American Academy of Actuaries, “The National Flood Insurance Program: Past, Present, and university business indiana, Future?” July 2011. 203 GAO, “National Flood Insurance Program: Continued Actions Needed to Address Financial and Operational Issues,” p. 5. 205 Property Casualty Insurers Association of America, p. 4. 206 GAO, “National Flood Insurance Program: Continue Attention Needed to dame, Address Challenges,” p. 9.

207 GAO, “National Flood Insurance Program: Continued Actions Needed to Address Financial and Operational Issues,” p. Stanford? 7. 210 Quoted in The Week , “After Hurricane Sandy: Is Flood Insurance Bad for Taxpayers?” editorial, www.theweek.com, December 8, 2012. 211 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 212 J. Scott Holladay, “Flooding the Market,” Institute for Policy Integrity, New York University School of notre, Law, April 2010, p. 3. 214 Property Casualty Insurers Association of America. 215 King, p. 20. And see GAO, “National Flood Insurance Program: Continued Actions Needed to Address Financial and Operational Issues,” p. 8. University Criteria? Repetitive loss properties are those with two or more claims payments of $1,000 or more over 10 years. 216 Thomas Frank, “Huge Losses Put the Federal Flood Insurance Plan in the Red,” USA Today , August 26, 2010. 217 John Stossel, “Taxpayers Get Soaked by Government’s Flood Insurance,” abcnews.com, September 20, 2009. 218 Holladay, p. 6.

219 Eli Lehrer, “Watery Marauders,” Competitive Enterprise Institute, August 2007, p. Vs Stanford 2009? 8. 221 Ibid., p. xvii. 224 James Bovard, “Uncle Sam’s Flood Machine,” The Freeman , January 1, 2006. 225 Platt, pp. 194, 199. 227 Some commentators have suggested that the market failure of “adverse selection” is a barrier to private flood insurance.

But adverse selection is union cars sunset, based on the idea that insurance buyers have hidden information not available to notre football, insurance companies. That is indiana, not the case with flood insurance because flood risks are public knowledge. 229 Andrew G. Simpson, “Private Flood Insurance Agency Now Selling in 15 States,” www.insurancejournal.com, February 10, 2014. 230 Scott E. Vs Stanford Football 2009? Harrington, “Rethinking Disaster Policy,” Cato Institute, Regulation 23, no 1. And see Scott E. Harrington and Tom Miller, “Insurance Regulation and Government Insurance,” Cato Handbook for mcmaster medical school for stanford, Congress, 108th Congress . 231 GAO, “Flood Insurance: Strategies for Increasing Private Sector Involvement,” GAO-14-127, January 22, 2014. 232 Deloitte Center for Financial Services, “The Potential for dame vs stanford football 2009, Flood Insurance Privatization in the U.S.,” 2014, p. 3. 233 For a discussion, see King. 234 Nedra Pickler, “President Obama Signs Flood Insurance Relief Bill,” www.insurancejournal.com, March 24, 2014. The 2014 law was the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act. 235 Mark A. Hofmann, “Congress to union pacific rail stanford, Consider Privatizing the NFIP,” www.businessinsurance.com, January 27, 2013. 237 Office of Rep.

Candice S. Notre 2009? Miller, “Rep. Miller: Eliminate the National Flood Insurance Program,” press release, April 8, 2013. 239 For data on the seacoasts, see National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. School Academic? This is the population in Special Flood Hazard Areas. 240 I’ve argued that most of the functions of the Corps should be privatized. See Chris Edwards, “Cutting the Army Corps of Engineers.”

241 Ibid. And see Michael Grunwald, “The Threatening Storm,” Time , August 2, 2007, and Michael Grunwald, “Setting the dame vs stanford 2009 Stage for More Katrinas,” Time , August 2, 2007.