Parsley massacre essay help

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AS Level Art and Design Coursework: Abstract paintings of instruments 100% February 8, 2017 by Amiria Gale. This AS Painting Coursework project gained 100% in 2008. Parsley Massacre Essay. It was completed by Nikau Hindin, while studying A Level Art Design (CIE 9704) at ACG Parnell College, Auckland, New Zealand. Four x A1 sheets of supporting work for Nikau#8217;s 100% AS Coursework project. Of Tampa Field. Nikau began her AS Coursework project by conducting a visual investigation into instruments. Parsley. She was particularly interested in traditional Maori instruments, and stanford football, how these were used to tell stories that were passed from generation to generation.

Nikau began by arranging these instruments with a violin, triangle and trumpet, in help compositions that were influenced by the works of American artist Jim Dine. Vertically aligned, the instruments faded in louis university hall and out of messy textural backgrounds, in the way that a memory or story might ebb and flow through generations – clear and distinct in some places; blurry and obscured in others. Often these grounds were ‘found’ – i.e. bits of parsley massacre splattered pieces of paper that Nikau then worked over with washes of paint and ink. Hall. This unpredictable mark-making strategy provided welcome contrast to the tight, controlled forms of the instruments themselves. These mixed media drawing of massacre essay help instruments were completed on messy, textural backgrounds of splattered paint and ink.

Throughout her folio, Nikau worked in a range of drawing and painting mediums, including graphite, Indian ink, black pen, coloured pencil, watercolour and acrylic paint. After completion of the first half of an A1 sheet of preparation work, Nikau analysed her artworks (in an accompanying sketchbook which also contained artist studies and further media trials and exploratory work). She identified several visual elements that played a crucial role in her artwork, i.e. the university, repetition of strong vertical lines (violin neck and strings / trumpet pipes etc); the repetition of curving, organic form (body of the violin and the kowhaiwhai patterns in the carvings on the Maori instruments). It was at this stage that a colour scheme was also defined – one that would remain consistent throughout her Coursework project. These aspects of the composition were considered carefully, not just in terms of massacre their aesthetic potential, but in terms of how they might allow her to best represent and express her ideas. For example, the repetition of louis beracha vertical lines – which became more prevalent throughout her folio – might help to express the passage of massacre time, and the linking of common forms was a way to volleyball tickets, illustrate the connection of ideas from past to present. The bottom half of parsley essay help Nikau#8217;s first A1 sheet includes a series of smaller preparatory works. The next stage of development resulted in the continued use of a wide range of media, splattered grounds, stenciled layers and the gradual disintegration and in day, manipulation of tone and form. The vertical reflective lines on the trumpet were transposed onto to the surface of the violin and into parts of the background, while kowhaiwhai patterns from the carved instruments become a graphic element that interlaced across different parts of the painting.

Many of the works were completed in series, with several pieces being worked on at one time. The artworks have many rich layers, with mediums worked over parsley essay each other many times. This work (enlarged detail shown on the left) includes a beautiful abstraction of a musical instrument disintegrating and falling through space a reflection of the larger scale disintegration of memory, story and form that was occuring in university fortbendisd her paintings. Over the remainder of the preparatory pages, Nikau continued to develop her work by abstracting form (with reference to cubist artists, such as Juan Gris) and playing with scale. She refined and developed her painting technique, with translucent layers (created using gel medium and water) and irregular backgrounds contrasting sharp, defined edges and tonal boundaries. Parsley Massacre Help. As Nikau was studying in New Zealand, she was not restricted by having to post her work overseas for assessment. As such, she was free to trial painting on wooden boards. Bj Sanders Football Tickets. With access to parsley massacre help, her school’s technology woodworking workshop, Nikau cut out several forms from indiana of pennsylvania different thicknesses of MDF and massacre, layered these onto her artwork.

This made the surface of her work slightly sculptural and of florida volleyball for nebraska, 3D. The aspects of Nikau’s Coursework Project that were particularly successful (aside from her obvious strength in observational drawing and painting) are the personal nature of the folio, and parsley massacre essay help, the creative and confident handling of media. This detail of Nikau#8217;s final painting, shows the inclusion of raised wooden layers and of florida, the beautiful realism achieved in the head of the essay, violin. The final Coursework painting (shown below) was a large and impressive work, approximately 1.4m wide, on an MDF framed board. Louis. The final painting, on essay help, a ground of vertical drips and raised MDF layers, comprises of a well-balanced mix of university tickets for nebraska realism and essay help, abstraction. Beautiful! The following video showcases Nikau’s entire AS Painting Coursework project, including her sketchbook, which contains media trials, written analysis and artist studies. (Note: for CIE, a sketchbook is not required at AS Level, however it is common practise in New Zealand for students to complete one.

As the louis, examiners visit our schools to moderate student work, we are not bound by strict postage requirements). Want to see more inspirational student artwork? View our Featured Art Projects. This article was written by parsley Amiria Gale. Amiria has been a teacher of Art Design and a Curriculum Co-ordinator for seven years, responsible for the course design and assessment of Art and Design work in two high-achieving Auckland schools. Amiria has a Bachelor of Architectural Studies, Bachelor of Architecture (First Class Honours) and a Graduate Diploma of Teaching.

She is saint university, a CIE Accredited Art Design Coursework Assessor. Follow Student Art Guide on Pinterest. Join over 15,000 people who receive our free newsletter. You will be notified first when free resources are available: new art project ideas, teaching handouts, printable lesson plans, tips and advice from experienced teachers. What are you waiting for?

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Skepticism and Content Externalism. [ Editor's Note: The following revised entry has a new title. It was previously titled Brains in a Vat. ] One skeptical hypothesis about the external world, namely that one is a brain in a vat with systematically delusory experience, is modelled on the Cartesian Evil Genius hypothesis, according to parsley massacre help, which one is tickets a victim of massacre essay help thoroughgoing error induced by a God-like deceiver. The skeptic argues that one does not know that the brain-in-a-vat hypothesis is false, since if the hypothesis were true, one's experience would be just as it actually is. Therefore, according to the skeptic, one does not know any propositions about the external world (propositions which would be false if the vat hypothesis were true). Hilary Putnam (1981) provided an university of florida apparent refutation of a version of the parsley massacre essay brain-in-a-vat hypothesis, based upon content externalism (also known as semantic externalism). This is the view that the meanings and truth conditions of one's sentences, and university tickets the contents of one's intentional mental states, depend upon the character of one's external, causal environment. Parsley Massacre Essay. This entry is primarily focussed upon evaluating the Putnamian considerations that seem to show that one can know that one is not a brain in a vat. 1. Skeptical Hypotheses and the Skeptical Argument.

The Cartesian skeptic puts forward various logically possible skeptical hypotheses for our consideration, such as that you are now merely dreaming that you are reading an encyclopedia entry. The more radical Evil Genius hypothesis is this: you inhabit a world consisting of just you and a God-like Evil Genius bent on university volleyball for nebraska, deceiving you. In the Evil Genius world, nothing physical exists, and all of your experiences are directly caused by parsley massacre essay help the Evil Genius. So your experiences, which represent there to be an external world of physical objects (including your body), give rise to systematically mistaken beliefs about your world (such as that you are now sitting at a computer). Lacrosse. (For an overview of the problem of essay external world skepticism, see Greco 2007.) Some philosophers would deny that the Evil Genius hypothesis is genuinely logically possible. Lacrosse. Materialists who hold that the parsley massacre mind is a complex physical system deny that it is possible for of pennsylvania fortbendisd there to be an Evil Genius world, since, on their view, your mind could not possibly exist in a matterless world. Accordingly, a modern skeptic will have us consider an updated skeptical hypothesis that is essay consistent with materialism. Consider the hypothesis that you are a disembodied brain floating in a vat of stanford football nutrient fluids. This brain is connected to a supercomputer whose program produces electrical impulses that stimulate the brain in parsley essay just the way that normal brains are stimulated as a result of lacrosse field perceiving external objects in the normal way. (The movie ‘The Matrix’ depicts embodied brains which are so stimulated, while their bodies float in parsley essay a vats.) If you are a brain in a vat, then you have experiences that are qualitatively indistinguishable from indiana university campuses fortbendisd those of a normal perceiver. If you come to believe, on parsley massacre, the basis of your computer-induced experiences, that you are looking at at tree, then you are sadly mistaken. After having sketched this brain-in-a-vat hypothesis, the skeptic issues a challenge: can you rule out the possibility described in the hypothesis?

Do you know that the boston women's soccer ranking college hypothesis is false? The skeptic now argues as follows. Choose any target proposition P concerning the massacre help external world, which you think you know to be true: If you know that P , then you know that you are not a brain in a vat. You do not know that you are not a brain in a vat. So, You do not know that P . Premise (1) is backed by the principle that knowledge is closed under known entailment : Since you know that P entails that you are not a brain in a vat (for example, let P = You are sitting at boston university women's soccer college a computer ), by (CL) you know that P only if you know its entailed consequence: you are not a brain in a vat. Premise (2) is essay backed by move pictures the consideration that your experiences do not allow you to discriminate between the hypothesis that you are not a brain in a vat (but rather a normal human) from the hypothesis that you are a brain in a vat. Your experience would be the same regardless of parsley massacre essay which hypothesis were true. So you do not know that you are not a brain in a vat. 2. Putnam's BIVs and the Disjunctive Argument.

In a famous discussion, Hilary Putnam has us consider a special version of the brain-in-a-vat hypothesis. Imagine that you are a brain in williams move in day a vat in a world in which the only objects are brains, a vat, and a laboratory containing supercomputers that stimulate the envatted brains. Parsley Essay Help. Imagine further that this situation has arisen completely randomly, and that the brains have always been envatted. No evil neuroscientists or renegade machines have brought about the brains' envatment. Call such a special brain in a vat a ‘BIV’. A skeptical argument just like that above can be formulated using the BIV hypothesis. Putting things now in louis beracha hall the first person, Putnam argues that I can establish that I am not a BIV by appeal to semantic considerations aloneconsiderations concerning reference and massacre essay truth. This will block the BIV version of the university hall skeptical argument. Here is how Putnam motivates his anti-skeptical semantic considerations.

Suppose that there are no trees on Mars and that a Martian forms a mental image exactly resembling one of my tree-images as a result of perceiving a blob of paint that accidentally resembles a tree. Putnam's intuition is that the Martian's image is not a representation of a tree. This is due to essay help, the lack of any causal connection between the university lacrosse image and trees (even, we will suppose, any attenuated causal connection such as interaction with a visiting Earthling who has seen trees). If I were a BIV, then my mental image resembling a tree would no more be a representation of a tree than would the Martian's mental image. Neither of us would have the sort of causal contact with trees which is required for our images to refer to trees. Help. The same reasoning applies to any tokens of the move pictures word ‘tree’ which might come to be uttered (or thought) by the Martian and by essay the BIV. (In speaking about BIVs, we will use ‘utter’ to mean, in effect, ‘seem to utter’, since a BIV cannot speak or write, but only louis hall, seems to himself to be speaking or writing. Massacre Essay Help. Similar remarks apply to boston university women's soccer ranking, ‘speak’.) What does the BIV's token of parsley ‘tree’ refer to, if not to trees? Putnam offers three possibilities: to ‘trees-in-the-image’ (I take it that by ‘the image’, Putnam means the succession of experiences had by the BIV ), to boston women's soccer college, the electrical impulses that stimulate the brain and thereby cause it to have experiences just like those a normal human has when it sees a tree, and to parsley essay help, the computer program features that are causally responsible for the stimuli described in (ii) and thus the experiences described in (i).

On the natural , pre-Putnam assignment of saint beracha references which one would make in evaluating the truth value of parsley help a BIV's utterance of ‘Here is a tree’, we would hold that the brain's token of ‘tree’ refers to trees and, hence, that his sentence token is false, since he is not near a tree. On each of Putnam's proposed reference assignments, though, the stanford brain's sentence token comes out true (provided that the brain is indeed being stimulated so as to have experiences just like those a normal human has when seeing a tree and that the stimulation is caused by the appropriate electrical impulses generated by a computer's program features). Parsley Massacre Help. On account (i), for example, the BIV's utterance of ‘Here is a tree’ is true iff the BIV is having experiences as of being near a tree. Call these considerations about reference and truth semantic/content externalism . This view denies a crucial Cartesian assumption about mind and language, viz., that the BIV's sentences express systematically mistaken beliefs about his world, the very same beliefs had by a normal counterpart to the BIV, with matching experiences. On the contrary: the BIV's sentences differ in reference and truth conditions (and, accordingly, in indiana university campuses fortbendisd meaning) from those of his normal counterpart. Parsley Massacre Essay Help. His sentences express beliefs that are true of his strange vat environment. The differences in indiana of pennsylvania campuses fortbendisd the semantic features of the sentences used by the BIV and those used by his normal counterpart are induced by massacre essay the differences in the beings' external, causal environments. Account (iii) of the of tampa referents of the massacre essay help BIV's words gives the most plausible semantic/content externalist reference assignment, since recurring program features that systematically cause the BIV's ‘treeish’ experiences play a causal role vis a vis the BIV's uses of ‘tree’ that is analogous to the causal role played by of tampa field trees vis a vis a normal human's uses of ‘tree’. Using account (iii) and some of Putnam's remarks, we can reconstruct the following Disjunctive Argument (hereafter ‘DA’), which is aimed at establishing that I am not a BIV. If DA succeeds, then we have a response to a skeptical argument involving the BIV hypothesis which shares the form of the Cartesian argument (1)-(3) above. If DA succeeds, then it generates knowledge that I am not a BIV.

Thus we would have a response to the skeptic's claim that since I do not know that I am not a BIV, then I do not know any target external-world proposition P . Let ‘vat-English’ refer to the language of the BIV, let ‘brain*’ refer to the computer program feature that causes experiences in the BIV that are qualitatively indistinguishable from normal experiences that represent brains, and help let ‘vat*’ refer to the computer program feature that cause experiences that are qualitatively indistinguishable from university normal experiences that represent vats. A BIV, then, is not a brain* in a vat*: a BIV is parsley massacre help not a certain computer program feature located in a certain other computer program feature. Here is of florida tickets DA: Either I am a BIV (speaking vat-English) or I am a non-BIV (speaking English). If I am a BIV (speaking vat-English), then my utterances of ‘I am a BIV’ are true iff I am a brain* in a vat*. If I am a BIV (speaking vat-English), then I am not a brain* in a vat*. If I am a BIV (speaking vat-English), then my utterances of ‘I am a BIV’ are false. [(b),(c)] If I am a non-BIV (speaking English), then my utterances of ‘I am a BIV’ are true iff I am a BIV.

If I am a non-BIV (speaking English), then my utterances of ‘I am a BIV’ are false. [(e)] My utterances of ‘I am a BIV’ are false. [(a),(d),(f)] DA stops short of delivering the desired result, namely a proof of. (¬SK) I am not a BIV. To establish (¬SK) we need to add a couple of parsley essay further steps: (h) My utterances of ‘I am not a BIV’ are true. (T) My utterances of ‘I am not a BIV’ are true iff I am not a BIV. (¬SK) follows from (h) and college move (T). Step (h) itself follows from (g) on natural assumptions about negation, truth, and quotation, but (T) is problematic in parsley help the current anti-skeptical context. The assumption of williams college (T) seems to beg the question against the skeptic. Putnam's semantic externalist picture is this: if I am an non-BIV (speaking English) then (T) is the correct statement of the truth conditions of my sentence ‘I am a BIV’, using the parsley massacre essay help device of disquotation; but if instead I am a BIV (speaking vat-English), then the in day pictures correct statement of parsley massacre my sentence's truth conditions is the strange one given in bj sanders tickets (b) of DA, not using the essay device of women's college disquotation.

So in essay help order to university of florida volleyball tickets, know that (T) is the correct statement of parsley essay my sentence's truth conditions, I need to know that I am a non-BIV (speaking English). But that is what the anti-skeptical argument was supposed to prove (Brueckner 1986). According to indiana university, this objection, Supplemented DA (DA plus (h) and (T)) is parsley massacre help epistemically circular , in William Alston's sense: knowledge of one of its premises(T)requires knowledge of its conclusion (Alston 1989). Let us consider two other reconstructions of Putnam's thinking regarding BIVs. Here is tickets for nebraska Simple Argument 1 (‘SA1’see Brueckner 2003):

If I am a BIV, then my word ‘tree’ does not refer to trees. Massacre Essay. My word ‘tree’ refers to trees. So, I am not a BIV. [(A),(B)] We will discuss (B) below. Premise (A) comes from Putnam's semantic externalism, as seen above. DA's claims about the BIV's sentences' truth conditions are grounded in claims about reference such as (A): since the BIV's words differ in their referents from the corresponding words of university soccer ranking college a normal speaker, the BIV's sentences accordingly differ in their truth conditions from the corresponding sentences of a normal speaker.

The semantic differences just mentioned induce differences at massacre essay the level of williams college move pictures thought content that are exploited in massacre help the following Simple Argument 2 (‘SA2’Brueckner 2003, Ebbs 1992, Tymoczko 1989): If I am a BIV, then I am not thinking that trees are green. I am thinking that trees are green. So, I am not a BIV. We will discuss (E) below. Regarding (D): since the university volleyball tickets BIV's word ‘tree’ does not refer to trees when he uses the sentence ‘Trees are green’ as a vehicle for thinking a thought, his thought does not have the content that trees are green . Rather, it has some content concerning tree*'s, that is, computer program features that cause in the BIV experiences that are qualitatively indistinguishable from normal experiences that represent trees. Parsley Essay Help. Perhaps the content is something like this: the program feature that causes ‘treeish’ experience is saint louis associated with a program feature that causes experiences that are qualitatively indistinguishable from normal experiences that represent objects as being green. SA2 highlights the connection between semantic externalism and the mind.

Not only do meaning, reference, and truth depend upon massacre essay help one's external environment in the ways we have discussed; further, the boston soccer ranking college representational contents of parsley essay help one's thoughts, beliefs, desires and other propositional attitudes also depend upon circumstances external to bj sanders tickets, one's mind. The simple arguments are simpler than DA, and they also do not commit the anti-skeptic to a specification of the referents of the BIV's words and the contents of its thoughts. The arguments rest only upon the claim that the referents and contents in question differ from my referents and contents. Another advantage of the Simple Arguments is that they do not, on parsley, the face of it, seem to beg the question against the skeptic, as did DA when supplemented so that it validly implied the conclusion (¬SK): that I am not a BIV. Let us now turn to an objection to SA1. Though the argument does not obviously require knowledge that I am a non-BIV (speaking English), as Supplemented DA seemed to, its premise (B) does seem upon reflection to be question-begging. On a natural understanding of (B), the truth of this premise requires the existence of trees as referents for pictures my word ‘tree’. So to know that (B) is true, I would need to massacre help, know that I am a non-BIV in for nebraska a world containing trees, rather than a BIV in a treeless vat world. This problem infects SA2 as well, since my ground for holding that I can think tree-thoughts while the BIV cannot is ultimately the claim that the words we use to express our respective thoughts differ in reference (trees versus things that are not trees, such as tree*'s).

SA1 can be modified so as to avoid this objection (Brueckner 2003): A*. If I am a BIV, then it is not the case that if my word ‘tree’ refers, then it refers to essay, trees. B*. If my word ‘tree’ refers, then it refers to trees. So, C. Of Florida For Nebraska. I am not a BIV. Premise (A*) comes from semantic/content externalism.

Re premise (B*): knowledge that there are trees in my world is essay help not required in order to justify this premise. But a problem still remains. Of Tampa Lacrosse. In order to know (B*), don't I need to parsley massacre, know that I am a non-BIV (speaking English), so that I can use the bj sanders stanford tickets device of essay disquotation in stating the referents of my words (if they do have referents at all)? A similar worry can be laid at the door of SA2. In order to lacrosse field, know its second premise, (E), I need to know what I am now thinking. But if I am a BIV, then I use the sentence ‘Trees are green’ to express some thought concerning tree*'s.

So in order to know what I am now thinking (in order to parsley massacre essay help, know that I am thinking that trees are green ), it seems that I need to know that I am not a BIV thinking a thought with a strange content (Brueckner 2003). A reasonable response to university women's soccer ranking college, the foregoing objection to Modified SA1 is as follows. In advance of working through Modified SA1, I do not know whether or not I am a non-BIV (speaking English) or a BIV (speaking vat-English). But I do know certain things about my own language (whatever it is and wherever I am speaking it). By virtue of knowing the parsley massacre essay meaning of williams college move in day pictures ‘refers’ and essay the meaning of quotation marks, I know that disquotation can be correctly applied to any successfully referring term of bj sanders tickets my language, in parsley help the way that (B*) indicates for lacrosse my word ‘tree’. This is a priori knowledge of parsley massacre essay help semantic features of my own language (whatever it isEnglish or vat-English). I know (A*) in university of pennsylvania virtue of my a priori , philosophical knowledge of the theory of semantic externalism and parsley of how it applies to the case of the indiana of pennsylvania fortbendisd BIV.

Knowing (A*) and (B*), I can then knowledgeably deduce that I am not a BIV (Brueckner 1992). A similar response to the foregoing objection to SA2 is essay help that I have knowledge of my own mind that is not experientially based. I can gain the knowledge that I am now thinking that trees are green via introspection. Putting this self-knowledge together with my a priori , philosophical knowledge of williams college SA2's first premise, (D), (knowledge based upon my understanding of help semantic externalism), I can then knowledgeably deduce that I am not a BIV. A problem for this response has been raised by various philosophers. It has been suggested that semantic/content externalism engenders severe limits on self-knowledge: if I do not know that I am not a BIV, then I do not know which contents my thoughts possess: the normal ones that I think that they possess, or the strange ones that they possess if I am a BIV. So the response we have considered may be in trouble if semantic externalism gives rise to saint university hall, such skepticism about knowledge of essay content. (Ludlow and Martin 1998)

The foregoing defenses of the Simple Arguments emphasize a constraint on college move pictures, anti-skeptical arguments: their premises must be knowable a priori . The justification of their premises must not require any appeal to parsley, the deliverances of sense-experience. Now Modified SA1 is driven by the following thought: the referent of the BIV's ‘tree’ is something strange, viz., tree*'s (certain computer program features); but the referent of university tickets my ‘tree’ (if such there be) is trees ; so I am not a BIV. This thought in turn rests upon the natural assumption that trees are not computer program features . But is that assumption something that I know a priori ? In work unrelated to skepticism, Putnam has claimed that even though it is necessary that cats are animals (just as it is necessary that water is H 2 O), it is essay help not knowable a priori that cats are animals (just as it is not knowable a priori that water is soccer ranking H 2 O). Help. According to Putnam, the concept of cat allows that in advance of bj sanders gaining knowledge of their inner structure, cats could turn out to be robots . The worry is that in a similar way, the massacre help concept of tree is such that in advance of gaining knowledge of the existence and indiana of pennsylvania campuses fortbendisd nature of trees, trees could turn out to be computer program features . If I hold in parsley essay help abeyance my seeming a posteriori knowledge about saint louis trees, then, I cannot fairly say that in the vat world, there are no trees . Massacre Help. Thus, I do not know a priori that the indiana of pennsylvania BIV's word ‘tree’ refers to things other than trees (in virtue of referring to computer program features which are distinct from massacre help trees) (Brueckner 2005). This objection to Modified SA1 can be answered by focusing upon boston soccer ranking the dialectical situation between skeptic and anti-skeptic. The skeptic wishes to massacre, impugn my seeming knowledge of the external world by putting forward a skeptical hypothesis that is incompatible with the external-world propositions I believe. Louis Beracha Hall. We are considering the skeptical hypothesis SK (= I am a BIV). Parsley Massacre Help. On the of florida volleyball tickets for nebraska current objection to our anti-skeptical argument, the skeptical critic undermines his own position by parsley help suggesting that SK is compatible with external-world propositions such as that I am in the presence of green trees. I can now argue as follows in university of pennsylvania campuses fortbendisd response to parsley, the skeptic's current objection. University. I know a priori that either (I) trees are computer program features, or (II) trees are not computer program features.

On the first alternative, the skeptic undermines his own overall position, and on the second alternative, the skeptic's objection is withdrawn. So we could view Modified SA1 as being an argument by massacre help cases: it is not known a priori which case obtains, but it is known a priori that the university of tampa field skeptic loses in each case. Another objection to the semantic arguments we have considered springs to mind when we imagine a BIV working his way through, say, Modified SA1. When the BIV thinks thoughts via the sentences (A*), (B*), and (C), he is not , for massacre example, thinking about trees when he thinks his second premise. The (used) occurrence of the word ‘trees’ in his premise does not refer to trees but rather to stanford, something elsetree*'s, that is, certain computer program features. Understood in parsley help this way, his second premise is true. University For Nebraska. His first premise concerns the referent of his word ‘tree’ on condition that he is parsley essay help a brain* in a vat*. Thus, the BIV's first premise is williams true in parsley virtue of having a necessarily false antecedent (since it is not logically possible for him to be a computer program feature).

So the BIV's version of Modified SA1 is sound. But he uses the argument to prove the conclusion that he is indiana campuses fortbendisd not a brain* in a vat*, rather than the massacre conclusion that he is college in day pictures not a BIV. The following worry arises. Help. Perhaps I am a BIV who uses Modified SA1 to prove that I am not a brain* in university women's soccer ranking a vat*, rather than the desired result that I am not a BIV. However, this worry is unfounded. If Modified SA1 is sound, then it proves just what it appears to essay help, provethat I am not a BIV. Boston University College. Just read the argument carefully when you work through it! It makes no difference to my argumentative situation if someone on massacre essay help, Alpha Centauri uses those very sentences with different meanings from university soccer ranking college mine and proves that muons move rapidly (Johnsen 2003, Brueckner 2004).

A final objection to the semantic arguments is hard to dispute. The problem is the narrow scope of the arguments. They cannot prove that I am not a recently disembodied brain in a vat (as opposed to a Putnamian BIV). If I have been speaking English up until my recent envatment, then my words will retain their English referents (to trees and so on) and my thoughts will retain their normal contents (about trees and parsley massacre help so on). Thus, the Putnamian semantic externalist considerations will find no purchase against campuses, the skeptical hypothesis that I am a fledgling brain in a vat (Brueckner 1986). Massacre Essay. However, in such a “recent envatment” scenario, the pertinent skeptical argument leaves unscathed many of my knowledge-claims (such as that I was born in the USA, that I own a black cat,) So the “recent envatment” scenario lacks the skeptical power of the Putnamian BIV scenario.

This leads to reconsideration of the university hall Cartesian evil genius skeptical hypothesis of Meditation I. Recall that in the Cartesian scenario, all that exists is massacre help my mind just as it actually is and a God-like Evil Genius that directly causes my mental states. University Women's Soccer Ranking. Nothing physical exists. Massacre Help. On what basis can I knowledgeably rule out the possibility that I am involved in an Evil Genius scenario, in which all my external-world beliefs are mistaken? If I cannot rule it out that I am in such a scenario, then, according to Descartes, I do not know any of the university of florida volleyball tickets external-world propositions that I claim to essay, know. The Putnamian semantic considerations over which we have obsessed can be brought to bear against the foregoing radical skeptical scenario. It seems that we should assign referents to the terms of the evil genius victim that are analogous to boston university women's ranking, the “computer program feature” referents in parsley the BIV storyreferents that are states of the evil genius, those systematically causally responsible for, say, my “treeish” experience. Stanford Football. So contra Descartes, if I were the victim of an Evil Genius, I would not have thoroughly mistaken beliefs about things apart from my mind.

Instead, I would have as many correct beliefs about things apart from my mind (in this case beliefs about states of the Evil Genius) as does a normal thinker in a normal environment. An analogue to a “simple argument” could also be constructed against parsley, the traditional Cartesian hypothesis. Finally, two other, more radical skeptical hypotheses that are left unscathed by semantic externalism are that (1) I am a brain in volleyball tickets for nebraska a vat whose experiences are randomly caused by a supercomputer, or (2) there is a whimsical evil demon inducing my experiences with no stable mental sources to parsley essay, serve as referents. In such scenarios, there are no systematic causal connections, for example, between the computer program features or the nature of the demon and my recurring ‘treeish’ experiences. The semantic externalist would say that, in such scenarios, my words fail to refer to things in my world, and no truth conditions can be properly assigned to my sentences. These sentences accordingly fail to of tampa, express contentful thoughts. On these radical skeptical hypotheses, I am asked, then, to countenance the (alleged) possibility that I am not thinking contentful thoughts via meaningful sentences with reference and truth conditions. But if these ‘possibilities’ are actual, then there is no such thing as a skeptical argument upon which I am reflecting. Thus, these radical skeptical hypotheses may well in massacre the end undermine themselves. The brain-in-a-vat hypotheses are crucial for move in day pictures the formulation of skeptical arguments concerning the possibility of knowledge of the essay external world that are modeled on the Cartesian Evil Genius argument.

We have seen that the BIV hypothesis may well be refutable, given semantic/content externalism and given the assumption that one has a priori knowledge of some key semantic properties of one's language (or, alternatively, a priori knowledge of the boston women's soccer ranking contents of one's mental states). Even if Putnamian arguments fail to rule out all versions of the parsley massacre brain-in-a-vat hypotheses, their success against move in day pictures, the radical BIV hypothesis would be significant. Further, these arguments highlight a novel view of the relations between mind, language, and the external world. Alston, W., 1989, “Epistemic Circularity”, in his Epistemic Justification: Essays in the Theory of Knowledge , Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Brueckner, A., 1986, “Brains in a Vat”, Journal of Philosophy , 83(3): 148167. , 1992, “Semantic Answers to Skepticism”, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly , 73(3): 200219; reprinted in parsley massacre essay help DeRose and tickets Warfield (eds.) 1999, pp.

4360. , 1994, “Ebbs on Skepticism, Objectivity and parsley essay help Brains in Vats”, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly , 75: 7787. , 1999, “Transcendental Arguments from Content Externalism”, in R. Stern (ed.), Transcendental Arguments: Problems and Prospects , Oxford: Clarendon Press. , 2003b, “Trees, Computer Program Features, and Skeptical Hypotheses”, in S Luper (ed.), The Skeptics: Contemporary Essays , Burlington: Ashgate. , 2004, “Johnsen on Brains in williams college Vats”, Philosophical Studies , 129(3): 435440. , 2010, Essays on Skepticism , Oxford: Oxford University Press. , 2011, “Skepticism and Semantic Externalism”, in S. Bernecker and D. Massacre Help. Pritchard (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Epistemology , New York: Routledge. Brueckner, A. and university field G. Ebbs, forthcoming, Self-Knowledge in Doubt , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Essay. Christensen, D., 1993, “Skeptical Problems, Semantical Solution”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research , 53(2): 301321. Dell'Utri, M., 1990, “Choosing Conceptions of Realism: the Case of the Brains in a Vat”, Mind , 99(393): 7990. DeRose, Keith, and T. University Of Tampa Field. Warfield (eds.), 1999, Skepticism: a Contemporary Reader , Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ebbs, G., 1992, “Skepticism, Objectivity and help Brains in Vats”, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly , 73(3): 239266. , 1996, “Can We Take Our Own Words at Face Value?”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research , 56: 499530. , 2001, “Is Skepticism about Self-Knowledge Coherent?”, Philosophical Studies , 105(1): 4358. Forbes, G., 1995, “Realism and Skepticism: Brains in for nebraska a Vat Revisited”, Journal of Philosophy , 92 (4): 205222; reprinted in DeRose and Warfield (eds.) 1999, pp. 6175. Gallois, A., 1992, “Putnam, Brains in Vats, and Arguments for essay help Scepticism”, Mind , 101(402): 273286. Greco, John, 2007, “External World Skepticism”, Philosophy Compass , 2(4): 625649. Johnsen, B., 2003, “Of Brains in Vats, Whatever Brains in Vats Might Be”, Philosophical Studies , 112(3): 225249.

Ludlow, P. and N. Martin (eds.), 1998, Externalism and Self-knowledge , Stanford: CSLI Publications. McIntyre, J., 1984, “Putnam's Brains”, Analysis , 44: 5961. Noonan, H., 1998, “Reflections on Putnam, Wright and Brains in Vats”, Analysis , 58(1): 5962. Saint University. Nuccetelli, S. (ed.), 2003, New Essays on Semantic Externalism and Self-Knowledge , Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Putnam, H., 1981, Reason, Truth, and History , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Chapter 1, pp. 121; reprinted as “Brains in a Vat”, in DeRose and Warfield (eds.) 1999, Chapter 2, pp. 2742. Roth, M. and G. Ross (eds.), 1989, Doubting: Contemporary Perspectives on massacre, Skepticism , Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Smith, P., 1984, “Could We Be Brains in a Vat?”, Canadian Journal of Philosophy , 14(1): 115123. Steinitz, Y., 1994, “Brains in university field a Vat: Different Perspectives”, Philosophical Quarterly , 44(175): 213222. Tymoczko, T., 1989, “Brains Don't Lie: They Don't Even Make Many Mistakes”, in massacre essay help Roth and bj sanders stanford tickets Ross 1989, pp. 195213. Warfield, T.A., 1992, “ A Priori Knowledge of the World: Knowing the World by Knowing Our Minds”, Philosophical Studies , 92: 127147; reprinted in DeRose and parsley essay Warfield (eds.) 1999, pp. 7692. Wright, C., 1992, “On Putnam's Proof That We Are Not Brains-in-a-Vat”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society , 92: 6794. Epistemology Research Guide, maintained by Keith Korcz, University of Louisiana. University Soccer College. The Epistemology Page, maintained by Keith DeRose (Philosophy, Yale University) The Encyclopedia Now Needs Your Support. Please Read How You Can Help Keep the parsley help Encyclopedia Free.

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obsession essay Health Food Junkie Obsession with dietary perfection can sometimes do more harm than good, says one who has been there. Originally published in parsley essay help the October 1997 issue of YOGA JOURNAL. Reprinted by stanford, permission of the author. Twenty years ago I was a wholehearted, impassioned advocate of healing through food. In those days I was a cook and organic farmer at a large commune in parsley massacre upstate New York. Today, as a physician who practices alternative medicine, I still almost always recommend dietary improvement to my patients. How could I not? A low-fat, semivegetarian diet helps prevent nearly all major illnesses, and bj sanders stanford, more focused dietary interventions can dramatically improve specific health problems. But I'm no longer the parsley massacre essay, true believer in nutritional medicine I used to be.

Where once I was enthusiastically evangelical, I've grown cautious. I can no longer console myself with the hope that one day a universal theory of eating will be discovered that can match people with the university of pennsylvania campuses, diets right for them. And I no longer have faith that dietary therapy is a uniformly wholesome intervention. I have come to essay regard it as I do drug therapy: as a useful treatment with serious potential side- effects. My disillusionment began in the old days at the commune. Saint Louis Hall. As staff cook I was required to prepare several separate meals at once to satisfy the insistent and parsley help, conflicting demands of women's ranking college our members. All communes attract idealists; ours attracted food idealists. On a daily basis I encountered the chaos of contradictory nutritional theories. Our main entree was always vegetarian, but a vocal subgroup insisted we serve meat.

Since many vegetarians would not eat from pots and pans contaminated by fleshly vibrations, the massacre, meat had to be cooked in a separate kitchen. We cooks also had to satisfy the vegans, who eschewed all milk and egg products. The rights of the Hindu- influenced crowd couldn't be neglected either. They insisted we omit the onion- family foods which, they believed, provoked sexual desire. For the raw- foodists we always laid out trays of sliced raw vegetables, but the macrobiotic adherents looked at these offerings with disgust.

They would only eat cooked vegetables. Furthermore, they believed that only local, in-season vegetables should be eaten, which led to frequent and violent arguments about whether the commune should spend its money on lettuce in January. After watching these food wars for move in day pictures, a while, I began to massacre essay help fantasize about writing a cookbook for eating theorists. Each food would come complete with a citation from williams, one system or authority claiming it to be the most divine edible ever created; a second reference, from an opposing view, would damn it as the worst pestilence one human being ever fed to another. Finding examples wouldn't be difficult. I could pit the rules of various food theories against parsley each other: Spicy food is bad; cayenne peppers are health- promoting. Fasting on oranges is healthy; citrus fruits are too acidic. Milk is good only for stanford, young cows (and pasteurized milk is even worse); boiled milk is the food of the gods.

Fermented foods, such as sauerkraut, are essentially rotten; fermented foods aid digestion. Sweets are bad; honey is nature's most perfect food. Fruits are the massacre help, ideal food; fruit causes candida. Vinegar is a poison; apple cider vinegar cures most illnesses. Proteins should not be combined with starches; aduki beans and brown rice should always be cooked together. Dietary methods of healing are often offered in the name of holism, one of the strongest ideals of of florida alternative medicine. No doubt alternative health practitioners are compensating for the historical failure of parsley essay help modern medicine to take dietary treatment seriously enough. But by focusing single- mindedly on diet, such practitioners end up advocating a form of medicine as lacking in university of florida volleyball holistic perspective as the more traditional approaches they attempt to correct.

It would be far more holistic to try to understand other elements in the patient's life before making dietary recommendations, and occasionally to massacre essay temper those recommendations with that understanding. Many of the most unbalanced people I have ever met are those who have devoted themselves to healthy eating. In fact, I believe some of in day pictures them have actually contracted a novel eating disorder for which I have coined the name orthorexia nervosa. The term uses ortho, meaning straight, correct, and true, to modify anorexia nervosa. Orthorexia nervosa refers to a pathological fixation on eating proper food. Orthorexia begins, innocently enough, as a desire to overcome chronic illness or to improve general health. But because it requires considerable willpower to adopt a diet that differs radically from the food habits of childhood and the surrounding culture, few accomplish the change gracefully. Most must resort to an iron self- discipline bolstered by a hefty dose of parsley massacre essay superiority over those who eat junk food.

Over time, what to eat, how much, and the consequences of dietary indiscretion come to stanford occupy a greater and greater proportion of the parsley essay help, orthorexic's day. The act of eating pure food begins to carry pseudospiritual connotations. As orthorexia progresses, a day filled with sprouts, umeboshi plums, and amaranth biscuits comes to feel as holy as one spent serving the poor and homeless. When an orthorexic slips up (which may involve anything from devouring a single raisin to boston university women's soccer ranking consuming a gallon of Haagen Dazs ice cream and a large pizza), he experiences a fall from parsley massacre help, grace and must perform numerous acts of penitence. These usually involve ever-stricter diets and indiana, fasts. This kitchen spirituality eventually reaches a point where the sufferer spends most of his time planning, purchasing, and massacre, eating meals. The orthorexic's inner life becomes dominated by efforts to resist temptation, self- condemnation for lapses, self- praise for success at complying with the hall, chosen regime, and help, feelings of superiority over others less pure in their dietary habits. This transference of bj sanders stanford football tickets all of life's value into the act of eating makes orthorexia a true disorder. Parsley Help. In this essential characteristic, orthorexia bears many similarities to the two well- known eating disorders anorexia and bulimia.

Where the lacrosse, bulimic and massacre essay help, anorexic focus on the quantity of university food, the orthorexic fixates on its quality. All three give food an excessive place in the scheme of massacre help life. As often happens, my sensitivity to louis university beracha the problem of essay help orthorexia comes through personal experience. I myself passed through a phase of bj sanders stanford football tickets extreme dietary purity. When I wasn't cooking at the commune, I managed the organic farm.

This gave me constant access to fresh, high- quality produce. I became such a snob that I disdained any vegetable that had been plucked from the massacre essay help, ground for more than 15 minutes. I was a total vegetarian, chewed each mouthful of food 50 times, always ate in bj sanders stanford football tickets a quiet place (which meant alone), and left my stomach partially empty at the end of each meal. After a year or so of parsley this self- imposed regime, I felt clear- headed, strong, and self- righteous. I regarded the wretched, debauched souls about me downing their chocolate chip cookies and french fries as mere animals reduced to satisfying gustatory lusts. But I wasn't complacent in my virtue. Feeling an obligation to enlighten my weaker brethren, I continually lectured friends and family on the evils of women's soccer ranking refined, processed food and the dangers of pesticides and artificial fertilizers. I pursued wellness through healthy eating for parsley, years, but gradually I began to sense that something was going wrong. The poetry of women's soccer my life was disappearing. My ability to carry on parsley help normal conversations was hindered by intrusive thoughts of food.

The need to obtain meals free of university lacrosse meat, fat, and artificial chemicals had put nearly all social forms of eating beyond my reach. I was lonely and obsessed. Even when I became aware that my scrabbling in the dirt after raw vegetables and wild plants had become an obsession, I found it terribly difficult to free myself. I had been seduced by righteous eating. The problem of my life's meaning had been transferred inexorably to food, and I could not reclaim it.

Tacos, Pizza, and a Milkshake. I was eventually saved from the doom of eternal health- food addiction through two fortuitous events. The first occurred when my guru in massacre essay help eating-- a vegan headed toward fruitarianism-- suddenly abandoned his quest. A revelation came to me last night in a dream, he said. Rather than eat my sprouts alone, it would be better for university, me to share a pizza with some friends.

His plaintive statement stirred me, but I could do nothing to change my way of massacre help life until a Benedictine monk named Brother David Steindl- Rast kindly applied some unorthodox techniques. I had met Brother David at a seminar he gave on the subject of gratitude. I offered to saint university beracha drive him home, and on parsley massacre the way back to the monastery, I bragged a bit about my oral self- discipline. Brother David's approach over the subsequent days was a marvelous case of teaching by example. The drive was long. In the late afternoon, we stopped for lunch at indiana of pennsylvania, an unpromising Chinese restaurant in a small town. To our surprise, the food was authentic, the sauces were fragrant and tasty, the vegetables fresh, and parsley massacre essay help, the eggrolls crisp and free from MSG. Indiana Of Pennsylvania Campuses Fortbendisd. We were both delighted. After I had eaten the massacre help, small portion which sufficed to bj sanders stanford football tickets fill my stomach halfway, Brother David casually mentioned his belief that it was an offense against God to leave food uneaten on the table. Brother David was a slim man, so I found it hardly credible that he followed this precept generally.

But he continued to eat so much that I felt good manners, if not actual spiritual guidance, required me to imitate his example. I filled my belly for the first time in a year. Then he upped the ante. Parsley Massacre Essay. I always think that ice cream goes well with Chinese food, don't you? he asked. Ignoring my incoherent reply, Brother David directed us to an ice cream parlor and purchased me a triple- scoop cone. Of Pennsylvania Fortbendisd. As we ate our ice cream, Brother David led me on parsley a two- mile walk. To keep my mind from dwelling on my offense against of florida tickets the health-food gods, he edified me with an unending stream of parsley massacre essay spiritual stories. Later that evening, he ate an immense dinner in the monastery dining room, all the bj sanders, while urging me to take more of one dish or another. I understood his point. But what mattered more to me was the fact that a spiritual authority, a man for whom I had the greatest respect, was giving me permission to break my health-food vows. It proved a liberating stroke.

Yet more than a month passed before I finally decided to make a definitive break. I was filled with feverish anticipation. Parsley Massacre Help. Hordes of long- suppressed gluttonous desires, their legitimacy restored, clamored to receive their due. Soccer Ranking College. On the drive into town, I planned and replanned my junk-food menu. Parsley Help. Within 10 minutes of stanford football arriving, I had eaten three tacos, a medium pizza, and a large milkshake. Too stuffed to massacre essay help violate my former vows further, I brought the saint university hall, ice cream sandwich and parsley, banana split home. My stomach felt stretched to my knees. The next morning I felt guilty and defiled.

Only the memory of bj sanders football tickets Brother David kept me from embarking on a five- day fast. (I fasted only two days.) It took me at least two more years to attain a middle way and eat easily, without rigid calculation or wild swings. Anyone who has ever suffered from anorexia or bulimia will recognize classic patterns in this story: the cyclic extremes, the obsession, the separation from others. Massacre Help. These are all symptoms of an eating disorder. Having experienced them so vividly in myself 20 years ago, I cannot overlook their presence in others. Consider Andrea, a patient of mine who suffered from in day pictures, chronic asthma. When she came to see me, she depended on several medications to stay alive. But with my help, she managed to massacre essay free herself from lacrosse, all drugs. First, we identified foods to which Andrea was sensitive and removed them from her diet. Milk was the first to go, then wheat, soy, and corn. After eliminating these four foods, the asthma symptoms decreased so much that Andrea was able to cut out one medication.

But she wasn't satisfied. Diligent effort identified other allergens: eggs, avocado, tomatoes, barley, rye, chicken, beef, turkey, and tuna. These too Andrea eliminated and was soon able to drop another drug entirely. Next went broccoli, lettuce, apples, and trout-- and the rest of her medications. Unfortunately, after about three months of parsley essay feeling well she began to discover sensitivities to other foods.

Oranges, peaches, celery, and rice didn't suit her, nor did potatoes, turkey, or amaranth biscuits. Football Tickets. The only parsley essay foods she could definitely tolerate were lamb and (strangely) white sugar. Since she couldn't live on those foods alone, Andrea adopted a complex rotation diet, alternating grains on a meal- by- meal basis, with occasional complete abstention to allow her to clear. She did the same for vegetables with somewhat more ease, since she had a greater variety to choose from. Recently, Andrea came in for college move in day pictures, a visit and parsley massacre essay, described the present state of her life. Wherever she goes, she carries a supply of her own food.

She doesn't go many places. Most of the saint beracha hall, time she stays at home and thinks carefully about what to massacre essay eat next, because if she slips up, the consequences continue for weeks. The asthma doesn't come back, but she develops headaches, nausea, and university of florida volleyball tickets for nebraska, strange moods. She must continuously exert her will against essay help cravings for saint louis university, foods as seemingly innocent as tomatoes and bread. She was pleased with her improvement and referred many patients to me. But I began to feel ill whenever I saw her name on my schedule. Essay. The first rule of university of tampa lacrosse field medicine is parsley massacre above all, do no harm. Had I really helped Andrea, or had I harmed her? If she had been cured of bj sanders stanford football cancer or multiple sclerosis, the development of an massacre help obsession might not be too high a price to pay. But when we started treatment, all she had was asthma. If she took her four medications, she also had a life.

Now all she has is a menu. She might have been better off if she had never heard of dietary medicine. I am generally lifted out of such melancholy reflections by college in day pictures, success stories. I have another client whose rheumatoid arthritis was thrown into total remission by one simple intervention: adding foods high in trace minerals to his diet. Before he met me, he took prednisone, gold shots, and anti- inflammatories. Parsley Massacre Essay. Now he has gone a full year without a problem. Bj Sanders Stanford Football Tickets. Seeing him encourages me not to give up entirely on making dietary recommendations. But my enthusiasm will remain tempered. Parsley Essay Help. Like all medical interventions-- like all solutions to difficult problems-- dietary medicine dwells in a grey zone of unclarity and imperfection.

It's neither a simple, ideal treatment, as some of university women's soccer ranking college its proponents believe, nor the complete waste of time conventional medicine has too long presumed it to parsley massacre be. Williams Move In Day Pictures. Diet is an ambiguous and powerful tool, too complex and emotionally charged to be prescribed lightly, yet too powerful to be ignored.

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amy leach essay But the Earth is not full of flowers, but schist and samarskite and skulls, and hardpan so infernally dense it cracks your pick axe and then your crowbar, shatters your jackhammer, your million-pound excavator, and finally your two-million-pound excavator, after it tries to pull the smaller one out, spurts oil from its splitter box and parsley essay kicks the tickets bucket too. Earth is a frustrating substrate to parsley massacre, live on, by Gog—not just for jackhammers and excavators but also for little mesquite beans plopped down in the desert. Whose fiendish joke is it, to drop them onto a griddle and bid them grow? But it is not a fiend but a cow, and the cow is not making a joke, just a turd; then off she ambles with all her cares. The bean must be its own bidder, its own shovel and shoveler, and its own yardstick, measuring the distance to boston women's soccer college, the water with itself. Now if distance is your only problem you can just plod your way to massacre help, success, like a hexapod. But often there is also the problem of direction—the necessary things being scattered willy-nilly through the world, at fathomless slants, at bj sanders, terrible removes.

Finding them calls for not only determination but also derangement. Massacre Help! Mesquites send their roots hazarding in every direction, turning the earth upside down trying to find something to drink. (The mesquite tree has been called “the devil with roots” but this is obviously a misnomer as devils can only travel in straight lines. Japanese zigzag bridges are built with this in mind.) If only the university campuses fortbendisd roots could sense where the water is, like witching sticks. But if roots are witching sticks, they are witching sticks with all the premonition of yardsticks. Parsley Massacre Help! Into the ground they grow, whose only power is stab, displacing the earth particle by particle, tedious and slow-straining and unmagic: if Earth be thy substrate, then Earth be thy substrate.

After you’ve been stabbing in the dark for a while and you stub your roots on hardpan and it seems as though you haven’t made the slightest progress—are everywhere blighted, everywhere foiled—it might be tempting to just conk out. Enough is enough, by Jolly! Why must I spend my life blundering around in the dark for something that might not even exist? Answering voices will eagerly confirm that water is a far-fetched notion, that you can relinquish your tormenting strain; they will happily receive you into their confederacy. “We once felt that juvenile strain toward water too, before we wised up and learned to university, appreciate the available. Give up your anguished unrest, your sospira , your solitary wrestling with rocks.” These are the dogmatically dead, who because they have not dug down very deep think they are very intelligent. They pass the jug of dust, smacking their mandibles. But after enough time hope is no longer so diffident and deferential, so easily suppressed if you come across a tempting alternative to life. When hope is an infant you can swing it along in parsley a bunting bag or leave it swaddled in the banjo box. But with time and saint university beracha exertion hope waxes huge—huge as a Pictish king.

Even if you tire of his outlandish campaigns, ain’t no Pictish king going to stay swaddled in essay help the banjo box. Of course some situations call for more rebellious hopes than others. Living out in the voluptuous Atchafalaya, tupelos have no need of hope, with showers falling into their laps. University Of Pennsylvania Campuses Fortbendisd! The Earth is their tuffet. Senita of Sonora, she can just sleep until it rains, then grow her little rain roots to sip it up. And air plants like Spanish moss needn’t make any contact with the ground whatsoever; they are loose as leprechauns; they drape themselves over tree branches, dangling their roots, drinking in the fantabulous fog. Air plants are used to make air guitars and you can hear that in their song; but violins, when they were maples, dug down deep, and tubas were born deep. Some people, when they open their door in parsley essay help the morning, have scores of angels surging in, so many that they have to university field, contrive minor favors for them to perform, such as hamster-petting and thimble-polishing. Other people, if they have an angel at parsley massacre essay, all he’s an angel on the run, an estranged angel, and they have to hunt him down in the wilderness, hiding behind boulders all night, to try and ambush him and wrestle him to the ground, stomping down heavy boots on boston university women's soccer ranking college, those colossal pearly-feathered wings, demanding, for parsley God’s sake, a little help. Such an adversarial angel is the Earth, for some of its residents, its help so unavailable.

There is fresh water under the ocean, but whose roots could reach it? The Ogallala aquifer underlies Texas and Kansas and Nebraska, but unevenly, in places a feasible 100 feet below the surface; in others an impossible 400 feet down. They say difficulty is an invitation; does that mean the more the stanford football difficulty, the more the invitation? Is impossibility the deepest invitation of all? Mesquites have been found with their roots grown right through hardpan, grappling the planet, searching for massacre help the unsearchable. Because of his utterness he is stanford considered a chopdown tree and rarely gets invited to parsley essay help, lawn parties. Ornamental trees know how to get invited to lawn parties, how to cultivate influential friends: they do this by making their friends feel influential. They send a branch in a gauche direction or grow eleven extra leaves on campuses, one side, and call Yoo-hoo, attend, my contours are in danger! and friends come running to massacre essay help, remove the university of tampa offending material. The dandy gets waited on twig and parsley massacre essay trunk and college move in day pictures the influencers get to tend to a plant with fixable problems, problems of punctilio, problems of essay help, contour, problems of form. The mesquite makes nobody feel influential, as it is impossible to university women's, influence him. You can’t stop his everlasting littering or get him to massacre essay help, stop scratching your cattle with his three-inch thorns; you can hardly buy or sell him or plant him or transplant him, or kill him: administer your bulldozers, heavy chains, fire, he will laugh them off, for he is importunity incarnate.

Chop down the williams college in day pictures incarnation, the incarnation returns. Hack off his visible self, dance on his grave, and massacre help soon you’ll be dancing in his sprouting green hair, then up in his strong arms, and college move how embarrassing, unless you are a turkey, to be seen dancing in the arms of a tree. This is why only turkeys and other gallybaggers enjoy mesquites. The lacy shade and bittersweet beans of the mesquite attract wild pigs and pocket mice and porcupines, and a few dotty Texans and help screech owls. Because for screech owls, a good party is not one where they can see and be seen but one where they can see and not be seen. College Move In Day! In the help feather-resembling bark of the mesquite, little screech owls can impersonate nobody and ponder the riffraff.

This is boston how the mesquite ends up with a confederacy after all—not a confederacy of massacre help, cadavers, nor one of influencers, but a confederacy of enjoyers—not a confederacy it joins before it has a self but one it elicits with a self, a flinty self with vast underground contours. Louis Hall! Errancy is onerous and errancy is freedom and essay help errancy is exercise. If you have an inerrant javelin that never misses the women's mark you only need to throw it once; but with an errant javelin, you grow strong with all the massacre help overthrowing, underthrowing, and rummaging through the junipers. After all his fumblesome toil, you might think the mesquite would be a grim man; but if he toils into water he’s a green man, merry-mantled, foresting the desert. Like all beans the mesquite returns nitrogen to the ground, transforming a scorchy waste into a greeny glade for university women's gaga mice. But the weather never goes away. Aquifers can fall, five feet in parsley massacre essay a year, and sometimes all you get from a storm is wind. Drought forces the mesquite to throw off his leaves, his bonhomie, and go back to far-fetching; and he may come across water once more, or he may send his taproot down to of florida tickets, tarnation and parsley help still be sublimely wide of the mark, errant to no end. University Of Florida Tickets For Nebraska! To fathom and fathom and nothing to parsley essay help, find . The freedom to not find water might sound miserable compared with the lacrosse field freedom to fly babblerlike to Ougadougou or run houndlike on the hummocks or go vanquishing the Visigoths. But the freedom to parsley essay, dig his own disputable way—that’s the freedom the thorny little tree was given. And if 160 feet of earth intervene between him and nothing, and he discovers down there, not the Ogallala, but an saint beracha hall, abominably yawning copper mine—still he has the freedom to house in his heart that dissident green, until the parsley massacre essay last stab—to never mistake dust, though he swallow barrelfuls of the stuff, for water. “Each new issue feels like a public report from many individual private spheres.” —Antoine Wilson.

Amy Leach is the author of louis beracha, Things That Are (Milkweed). Her work has appeared in Best American Essays, and she has been recognized with a Whiting Writers’ Award and a Rona Jaffe Foundation Award. Massacre Help! A Public Space is an independent magazine of literature and culture. Boston Women's Ranking! It was founded in 2006. You can read more about the magazine’s history and mission - click here.

A subscription to A Public Space now includes home delivery of the parsley essay print magazine as well as access to the digital editions (epub, mobi, and pdf files) and the online archive.

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Conformity and Obedience Essay Sample. Task: outline and evaluate findings from conformity and obedience research and consider explanations for conformity (and non-conformity), as well as evaluating Milgram’s studies of obedience (including ethical issues). The following essay will be about understanding what is meant by and distinguishing the differences between the terms conformity and obedience. It will show the essay help, evaluation of two key psychological studies which seek to explain why people do and university of florida tickets, do not conform, also with explanations of minority influence. Whilst seeking to understand the reasons why people obey authority, it will show an evaluation of Milgram’s study of obedience, discussing the parsley massacre essay help, ethical issues raised from the research and assessing whether the knowledge gained about indiana university of pennsylvania fortbendisd human behaviour justifies Milgram’s experiments. Most people like to feel that they make their own decisions, but in reality they are often just ‘conforming’ by adjusting their actions, attitudes or opinions so that they fit in with those of other people, or just simply to ‘go with the flow’. Parsley Massacre? This happens as a result of real or imagined group pressure (Myers) in (Cardwell 2001), and may result in a change in beliefs or behaviour.

Nobody tells you to conform, and you may not even realise you are doing it as it is implied or implicit. Throughout the course of stanford football tickets our lives we become associated with or attached to essay, groups which will each have its own responses expected of it. University Women's Soccer Ranking College? As a bus passenger you are expected to behave in a certain way, although your attitude may not be as important. As a football fan your attitude towards your team is important where as your behaviour may not be as important. As a parent the attitudes towards your children are supposed to massacre, include encouragement and you expected to demonstrate protective and helpful behaviour. It can be found to say that recognising and acting within the pro-social norms of a group may be seen as a desirable act, whereas unthinking conformity to football tickets, a deviant group opinion might be considered less attractive and more of a trait. Deutsch and Gerard (1955) distinguished between informational social influence (I.S.I) and normative social influence (N.S.I).

I.S.I – To feel in charge of our lives we all have a basic need for certainty. We need to parsley massacre help, know our beliefs and of tampa field, ideas are correct and acceptable. If we don’t know how to behave in a situation such as first day at parsley, college/work, we look for information to tell us the correct way to act. When were unsure about something we seek for others opinion. Stanford Football? In this way we can use that information to essay, evaluate and form our own opinion; although this happens more in situations we’re not familiar with. There is also novel or ambiguous situations, such as when a fire alarm goes off accidently, people may look to university, others for guidance. If they appear to know the answer people will probably go along with or conform to their behaviour. If we conform because of I.S.I it’s highly likely that we internally believe the opinions we adopt.

At first we’re unsure what to parsley massacre essay help, believe, which is why we compare our ideas with others, and boston women's soccer, become converted to share their views. Parsley Massacre Help? ISI is of florida volleyball tickets based on the need to be right. When people are unsure of their own judgement they often accept the judgement of others as a guide. Massacre Essay? N.S.I – we conform in order to belong, to be liked and to indiana campuses fortbendisd, be approved by massacre others as people are more likely to accept us if we agree with them. All social groups have norms which define appropriate behaviour for its members. Conforming to a group’s norms brings acceptance and approval while non-conforming can bring disproval and even rejection. According to Kelman (1958) there are three forms of N.S.I. They are compliance, internalisation and identification. University? You may publically go along with a group’s ideas or norms to be accepted. People act in accordance with the majority but don’t agree or change their own beliefs or ideas privately.

This is called Compliance. Internalisation is where the person comes to accept and eventually believes the group view. If we consider a person to be both trustworthy and a good judge of character then we are more likely to accept their opinions and values, merging them with our own. Over time these thought become part of our own cognitive world. When a person wants to be associated with a group accepting and believing the groups view this is called identification. A person may desire to be like another person, which may involve adopting the massacre help, characters of the person (or group).

This may not necessarily be to bring us rewards but because we find it satisfying to be like those, who we are identifying with. According to Cardwell (1996) obedience is university soccer college a type of social influence whereby somebody acts in response to a direct order from another person. There is an implication the actor is made to massacre help, respond in a way that they wouldn’t have otherwise done without the order. You are in saint louis hall no doubt when you are obeying an order (explicit). It is obvious when you are following an order and you won’t change your attitudes as you are behaving as instructed. We will always find ourselves in parsley situations in which we are told to university tickets, do things by other people, for example boss or supervisor at work.

Within society we work in a hierarchy. We may disagree or resent the orders we are given even when they are legitimate. It is unlikely we will be given an order or instruction that goes against our conscience or involves us inflicting serious harm on another person. So why do we conform? Gross. R, et al (2000) in ‘2nd edition psychology a new introduction for A-levels’ says whenever we change our behaviours or views to the real or imagined presence of others we are conforming. It is parsley essay help pretty much impossible to live amongst people and not become influenced by them in some way. Saint Louis Beracha? Sometimes people’s attempts to change our behaviour are very obvious.

On other occasions social influence is less direct and may not involve any explicit requests or demands, for example, when your choice of clothes or taste of music is influenced by what your friends wear or listen to, you are showing conformity. Your peers exert pressure on massacre essay you to behave (and think) in certain ways, a case of the majority influencing on the individual. Asch (1951) devised a simple perceptual task were the solution was clear and obvious to university field, see. It involved participants to decide which of the 3 comparison lines of different length, matched a single line. Massacre Essay? The experiment consisted of 123 male students from bj sanders Swarthmore College in USA. There was an help obvious answer and the participants would be sat amongst 4 to 6 confederates and would be sat in either seat 5 or 6 around a table. The participants would give the correct answer but as the university of pennsylvania, experiment went on, the confederates began to start choosing the essay help, wrong answers to see if the participants would conform to university of florida tickets, the majority. The results showed on average 32% of people conformed in parsley help critical trials, 75% of people conformed at least once and just 25% of indiana of pennsylvania people failed to conform at all.

After the essay help, experiment the participants were asked why they conformed. Boston University Women's Ranking? To which they all said to be right or because they doubted their answers. Asch also carried out other studies to attempt to discover what factors will affect the level of conformity. He believed the size of the group affected the level of help conformity and it tended to increase when the bj sanders, group the group size did. Essay? He also found that just one confederate and the rest subjects reduced conformity up to 80%. The status of the majority in the group was also another factor.

People are easily influenced, especially by people we perceive as a higher status, resulting in higher conformity. Asch’s experiments did give a lot of insight into why people conform, but there are still criticisms. As the university campuses, tests were done in a lab it lacks ecological validity. People may have just been conforming due to the setting and atmosphere. The experiment could not be generalised because all the participants were young, white and American students. They would have all been from parsley massacre essay similar I.Q groups. Women's? The issue of ethics was also questioned as Asch deceived his subjects. They did not know give their consent or know exactly what they were being tested on. They thought they were being tested on massacre their perception but were actually being tested on university of tampa lacrosse field how naive they were. Essay? Asch did however debrief all his participants after the experiment.

One of the earliest criticisms of Asch’s work was that it was time consuming and university volleyball for nebraska, uneconomical in sense one person at a time. Crutchfield (1954) attempted to overcome these problems with his version, involving cubicles, which had a panel of lights and switches. The participant believed the panel of lights represented the responses of other people. The cubicle took away the need for essay, confederates and also allowed for indiana, several participants to be tested at one time. There were quite a few replications of Asch’s experiment. Perrin and Spencer (1980) replicated the experiment in England during the 1970’s, finding only one person conformed. There is a clear cultural and timing difference also with the participants being mostly science students, who would have been confident enough to not conform. Essay Help? Lalancette and of tampa, Standing (1980) replicate the experiment and found no conformity at all. Perrin and Spencer (1980) replicated the experiment testing on young offenders on probation with probation officers as stooges, and found similar levels of conformity to Asch’s research.

Moscovici et al (1969) believed differently to Asch’s studies. They set up a stooge minority of 2 to consistently describe a blue- green colour as green. The majorities view had changed to massacre help, that of the minority, and this effect persisted even when further colour judgements were asked for after the stooges left the experiment. University Women's Soccer Ranking College? 32% of participants conformed at parsley massacre, least once. This shows that the majority can be influenced by the minority. If one person doesn’t conform, it will still give the others courage not to as well, as long as they are consistent with their answers. This is university of tampa lacrosse called minority influence. Another popular experiment in psychology is Zimbardo et al.’s (1973) prison experiment.

The question researchers asked was how participants might react when placed in a simulated environment. A mock prison was set up in the basement of Stanford University psychology building, and then selected 24 undergraduates’ students to play the roles of both prisoners and guards. Participants were each selected from a larger group of 70 because they had no criminal background, lacked psychological issues and had no major medical issues. The volunteers agreed to participate for a 1 to 2 week period in exchange for $15 a day. The prison had 3 cells; each was 6 by 9 foot and held 3 prisoners or held 3 cots. Other rooms were for the guards and massacre help, prison officers.

One very small place was designated as the solitary confinement room. The 24 volunteers were randomly assigned to either prisoner group or group. Prisoners were to remain in saint louis the mock prison 24 hours a day, while guards were assigned to work in 3 man teams for 8 hour shifts. Massacre Essay Help? After each shift the guards were allowed to boston university ranking, return home until their next shift. Researchers were able to observe the behaviour of both prisoners and guards using hidden cameras and microphones.

While the experiment was suppose to last for 14 days it had to massacre essay help, be cut short after just 6 days due to what was happening to university field, the prisoner participants. The guards became abusive and the prisoners began to show extreme signs of distress and anxiety. The guards were allowed to act as they wanted, and were generally hostile, while the prisoners became passive and depressed. Five of the participants eventually had to be released from the experiment early. Even then researchers themselves began to lose sight of the reality of the situation. Zimbardo, who was acting as prison warden, overlooked abusive behaviour until a graduate student (Christina Maslach) objected to the conditions and the morality of continuing the experiment. ‘Only a few people were able to resist the parsley help, situational temptations to yield to williams college pictures, power and dominance while maintaining some semblance of morality and decency; obviously I was not among that noble class’ Zimbardo in his book ‘The Lucifer Effect’. The Stanford Prison experiment is parsley massacre often cited as an example of university volleyball tickets unethical research. It could not be replicated by researchers today because it fails to meet many of the ethical codes. Zimbardo even said ‘although we ended the experiment a week earlier than planned, we did not end it soon enough.’ Other critics have said the study lacks ecological validity and that there are too many variable to massacre, recreate a real life prison situation. Also you cannot generalise with the experiment as an unrepresentative sample of mostly white and middleclass students were used. Despite a lot of indiana university of pennsylvania campuses criticism, the Stanford Prison experiment is help still an important area of of florida tickets study in the understanding of essay how the situation can influence human behaviour.

Another recent is the reports of the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuses in Iraq brought attention to the study. Many people suggest this was a real life example of the same results from Zimbardo’s experiment. The most famous experiments in this area were carried out by Stanley Milgram in the 1960’s. Milgram found that if instructed to bj sanders stanford, people could deliver potentially fatal electric shocks to another person as part of a psychological experiment. Massacre Essay? Volunteers took the role of a teacher who would be delivering shocks to a student, each time he was asked a question and produced an college move pictures incorrect answer. While the participant believed he was assigned his role by random, the student was actually a confederate; who was also in on the experiment and massacre essay help, simply pretending to be shocked. During the experiments many of the participants showed signs of distress and williams pictures, attempted to massacre essay, withdraw, but 65% showed total obedience to the orders of the experimenter, that they should continue to the end. The aim of Milgram’s research was to gain an university of florida volleyball for nebraska explanation to the war crimes of parsley massacre essay World War 2, but what it actually showed was the tendency to obey an authority figure, even if that means taking the life of another, can be found in louis all of us. Darling (1997) says taking part in Milgram’s experiment could change them for parsley massacre essay, the worse. Saint Louis University Beracha Hall? As a result of concerns about the amount of anxiety experienced by many of the participants, all subjects were debriefed at the end of the experiments to explain the procedures and use of deception.

Many critics of the study have argued that the participants were still confused about the exact nature of the experiment. Milgram later surveyed the participants and found that 84% were glad to have participated, while 1% regretted any involvement. Milgram’s studies have been criticized for its ethics. Although this would have seriously affected the results of the experiment, by failing to reveal his true intentions Milgram was deceiving his participants, whilst also failing to ask for informed consent. He made it difficult for them to withdraw from the experiment and whenever Milgram’s participants would show any reluctance to administer the shocks, the parsley, experimenter gave a series of indiana campuses fortbendisd verbal prods or cues, which were basically orders that the participant should continue with the experiment. Many of the participants were observed to ‘…sweat, stutter, tremble, groan, bite their lips and dig their nails into their flesh. Full blown uncontrollable seizures were observed for parsley massacre, three (participants)’. Milgram (1974).

Orne and college in day pictures, Holland (1968) say that Milgram’s experiments lack experimental validity and massacre help, that participant’s might not had believed they were actually delivering the electric shocks. However, in another study with students, participants were found to obey 75% of the time when asked to deliver electric shocks to a puppy, Sheridan and King (1972) puppy experiment, this possibility seems to be excluded. Orne and Holland (1968) say that Milgram’s experiments lack ecological validity or realism. They say ‘the results do not extend beyond the particular laboratory setting in which they were collected’. Also adding that the cues in the experimental seeing influenced the participant’s perception. On the other hand, Hoffling et al.’s (1966) naturalistic study of nurses, would dispute this claim.

They found that out of 22 nurses, who were before asked if they would administer a drug without written authorisation and bj sanders stanford tickets, twice the recommended daily dose, that they all said they would not, however 21 out of massacre essay help 22 participants, when asked by a ‘real’ doctor, complied without hesitation. 50% claimed not to have noticed the dosage discrepancy. Milgram’s research was criticised for issues regarding generalisation. Authority figures often possess visible symbols of their power or status that make it difficult to refuse their command. In Milgram’s experiments the experimenter always wore a grey coat. Altogether Milgram studied 636 which represented a cross-section of the population of New Haven (the location of Yale University). University Volleyball? This was said to be a small, white American town. Milgram himself also admitted that those who continued to give the shocks up to massacre essay, the maximum of 450 volts were more likely to boston soccer, see the learner as responsible, opposed to themselves. These participants were said to have a stronger authoritarian character, which includes respect for authority and a lower level of moral development (Rosenthal Rosnow, 1996). Parsley Massacre Essay Help? He used mainly male participants for the experiments, and of the bj sanders tickets, 40 females that were used as participants, 65% went up to the 450 volts, comparable with the results of males.

So did the knowledge gained justify Milgram’s experiments? Well Milgram found that the German’s did not have a more sadistic nature, which refuted the massacre essay help, original hypothesis. The majority of people will obey orders from a perceived authority figure, even if they go against their own conscience. Saint Beracha? This gives us a greater understanding of human behaviour which could be of huge importance if say another catastrophic event such as a World War were to happen in the future. Obedience can be taught in parsley dangerous situations, where our natural state may cause us to find the university of florida volleyball tickets, situation distressing (eg.

Army, Nurse). Unfortunately, on the flip side people now appear to mistrust psychologists more and there are also still doubts about the damage caused to the 1% who regretted involvement. This did however lead to raising the issue of stress and harm, and the need for ethics in psychology. Milgram’s study on obedience was one of the first studies in this area. This comes from the observation of physical and mental stress and harm in previous research that has been deemed to parsley massacre essay help, be inexcusable in recent times.

His study made use of deception in having participants think they were shocking a real person, also failing to of florida tickets for nebraska, reveal experiment was actually to measure obedience to authority. The argument was that without deception the same results could not have been attained, in other words, for in the name of science. To conclude on parsley essay this, people will conform to be liked or to university volleyball tickets for nebraska, be right. Whether that is to massacre essay help, fit in or because that is all they know and boston ranking college, they believe that is the way they must act. They will conform to the roles they believe are socially acceptable for example the massacre essay help, guards in the prison experiment conformed to football tickets, the roles they believed they should act. Parsley Essay Help? The same could be said about the prisoners. On the other hand people will obey orders from an boston women's college authority figure occasionally even if it means going against parsley help their own moral beliefs. Saint Louis? This was seen in Milgram’s experiment and as a result of the ethical issues raised; highlighting the importance for ethical guidelines; procedures are now in place to ensure participants are not caused any physical or mental harm during experiments. Is this the essay, perfect essay for you? Save time and order Conformity and Obedience. essay editing for only $13.9 per page.

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